Geography - Paper 2 Topic 5 - The UK's evolving human landscape

define UK urban core

very large, densely populated, economically and culturally important urban areas in the UK which are constantly attracting more people to live there due to numerous opportunities and benefits eg London

define rural periphery

rural regions that are more sparsely populated and do not have the same opportunities and benefits as rural areas

define conurbation

an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of a central city

west midlands conurbation definition

the large conurbation that include Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Sutton Colfield, Dudley, Walsall, West Bromwich, Solihull, Stourbridge and Halesowen

Define hamlet

a small settlement, generally smaller that one village, without a church

state 3 reasons for sparse population

poor soil, poor climate, poor infrastructure, hilly/ mountainous, very fertile soil (too valuable for crops to build on)

state 3 reasons for dense population

coastal location, nice climate, major city, site of a coal field

What are the employment opportunities like in the urban core?

many jobs which are highly paid and highly skilled

what is the average hourly wage in london

£17

What are the employment opportunities like in the rural periphery?

fewer jobs, less pay

What is the average hourly wage in wales?

£9.10

What's the housing like in the urban core?

Low and high rise, more dense, more expensive

What's the housing like in the rural periphery?

low rise buildings that are less expensive

describe the population structure in the urban core

many young adults and single people

describe the population structure in the rural periphery

many older people, some single people

are there more commuters living in the urban core or rural periphery

rural periphery

define an assisted area

an area which receives additional government funding due to its deprivation lack of services

define subsidy

a sum of money granted by the state of a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a service or product low

which areas in the UK receive the most additional government support

Cornwall and West Wales

does the rural periphery or the urban core in the UK receive the most additional government support?

rural periphery

which areas in the UK don't receive much additional government support?

South/ South East England

Describe the government's investment in transport policy

• vital to rural areas (Scottish highlands, cornwall and south wales all have to motorways)

• most occurs in the urban core due to gouvernement cuts

Describe the EU's regional development policy?

• supports UK regions by economic regeneration, improved communication and safeguarding jobs

• eg cornwall receives ERDF support bc its GDP is below 75% of the EU average

• ERDF = European Rural Development Fund

Describe the UK's enterprize zones policies?

• areas where gov offers companies help with start up costs

• eg reduced taxes and super fast broadband

• there were 24 in 2014, mostly in urban areas

describe advantages of the HS2 transport strategy

• high speed rail connects communities and provides reliable travel

• reduced CO2 emmissions and jobs created

• develops skills and supports engineering in the UK

• shorter journeys between cities

describe the advantages of the national graphene institute

(ERDF run)

• better medical imaging, ultra sensitive solar cells, encourages regeneration

• ultra fast transistors, graphene can replace silicone in computers

• helps reduce unemployment by creating 100 jobs

Describe the advantages of the welsh homes regional project

• helps rural areas

• improves insulation for homes, efficient boilers and modern heating

• energy efficient in over 7000 homes - actually above target

• also installs solar panels

Decribe the Tees Valley enterprize zone strategy?

• government funded

• it is a centre of offshore engineering and has a super cluster of Europe's largest chemical site

• each businness can save up to £55 K a year, which attracts more

• £75 million in investment recieved from 2018- 2021

Where does retirement migration occur in the UK?

• people move to cornwall and devon

• this forces house prices up and young people out

Where does rural- urban migration occur in the UK?

• in central wales, here are very few jobs so young epolpe move to cities and leave behind an elderly population with lots of primary secor jobs

Where does north-south migration take place in the UK?

• people think the south is more developed so move there for better job opportunities so we can see an overall trend of people moving south

why is secondary industry declining in the UK?

• factories close, outsourcing preferable

• mechanisation og production methods

• government help declining: know that Uk can't compete

• minimum wage makes UK unattractive place to set up factories

why is primary industry declining in the UK?

• raw materials have been used up or are buried too deep

• fewer percieved career prospects

• mechanisation and TNCs can do everything more cheaply and just ship Uk the finished product

• seas are overfished

why is the tertiary sector growing in the UK?

• technology makes new services possible, large number of people shop online (creates jobs)

• other services decline forces tertiary to grow

• rise in demand for luxury services (rise in disposable income)

• in 2004, 14 million people were members of health clubs

• rate in spending of retired people rising most

• people are living longer, creates mant tertiary jobs

• populatin growth

What is the mini tertiary sector case study?

Dinnington, South Yorkshire

What is the mini quaternary sector case study?

London's Canary Wharf

Reasons for fdi in the UK

• government privatising industries and encouraging companies to buy them

• London is a global finance centre

• EU encourages free trade between states and sets up good trade deals for the whole EU

Advantages of fdi in the UK

• foreign companies have invested £1 trillion and created 1000s of jobs

• bring new technology

Disadvantages of fdi in the uk

• economic problems abroad = production shut down in the UK (job losses)

• TNCs can outcompete UK companies

What is the trend for deprivation in Birmingham?

• overall, we can see more deprivation in areas with more ethnic diversity

• except in South Birmingham: low ethnic diversity, high deprivation

Reasons for inequality in Birmingham?

• rapid population growth

• globalisation: fewer local factory jobs, people have to travel to find work

• poor education: harder to get jobs, many in Bham taken by people who live elsewhere

• housing issues: older houses are difficukt to heat and damp

• racism: may be discrimination against newcomers, but government imposed laws to try and stop this

• lack of sevices and government funding

reasons for decline in birmingham?

• decentralisation (shops moving away from the city centre)

• E-commerce: internet shopping forces local shops and restaurants to close

• transport development: new ring road in 1970 forced many houses and factories to be demolished

-unattractive environment, de-industrialisation

• cramped road network & no space for expansion

-50,000 jobs lost from 1961-1971

describe Birmingham's site?

• timber iron and coal resources in the Black Country

• grew on a south facing sandstone ridge site

• close to rivers (gave OG dwellers access to water

describe Birminghams situation

• most central city in the UK: made it best choice for the NEC in 1976

• gives access to all markets across the UK

describe Birmingham's national importance

• important financial and industrial centre

• redeveloped city centre with nationally recognised "bullring" shopping centre

• known for creative hot spots, restaurants, cultural variety and music spots

Describe birmingham's global importance

• home to ICC (adds £1.5 billion to local economy)

• concentration of high quality restaurants in CBD has an international reputation

• home to 3 internationally recognised universities

• houses Europe's largest library

Describe Birmingham' international connectivity

Airport has direct links to over 150 international locations