[PL3.2] Inflammation and Repair

Type of acute inflammation characterized by cell-poor fluid accumulation

serous inflammation

Site of fluid accumulation in serous inflammation

body cavities (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)

Source of fluid in serous inflammation

plasma or mesothelial secretions

Presence of microbes or leukocytes in serous inflammation

typically absent

Type of acute inflammation with fibrin deposition

fibrinous inflammation

Key protein involved in fibrinous inflammation

fibrinogen

Appearance of fibrin in histology

thread-like or solid eosinophilic coagulum

Consequence of unresolved fibrinous inflammation

scarring due to fibroblast and blood vessel ingrowth

Type of acute inflammation with large amount of pus

purulent (suppurative) inflammation

Main component of purulent inflammation

pus and edema fluid

Pus accumulation within a confined space

abscess

Main causative agent of purulent inflammation

pyogenic bacteria

Consequence of uncontrolled purulent inflammation

sepsis

Type of necrosis associated with purulent inflammation

liquefactive necrosis

Term for local defect due to shedding of inflamed necrotic tissue

ulcer

Morphologic pattern characterized by tissue sloughing and surface excavation

ulcer

Key inflammatory cells seen at the margins of ulcers

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

Vascular response seen at ulcer margins

vascular dilation

Chronic feature that follows unresolved ulcers

scarring with chronic inflammatory cells

Outcome of acute inflammation with restoration of normal tissue structure

complete resolution

Outcome of acute inflammation resulting in scar formation

healing by connective tissue replacement

Term for connective tissue healing after substantial tissue destruction

scarring or fibrosis

Outcome of acute inflammation when stimulus persists or resolution fails

progression to chronic inflammation

Type of inflammation where tissue injury and repair coexist over time

chronic inflammation

Duration of chronic inflammation

weeks or months

Chronic inflammation may begin after what type of inflammation

acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation may also begin insidiously as what kind of response

low-grade, smoldering response

Reason why chronic inflammation persists

presence of non-degradable substances

Infectious agents that cause chronic inflammation

mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

Immune reaction often evoked by persistent microbes

delayed-type hypersensitivity

Pattern of chronic inflammation caused by certain microbes

granulomatous reaction

Type of substances that may cause prolonged chronic inflammation

non-degradable toxic substances

Examples of exogenous substances causing chronic inflammation

asbestos, silica, talc

Example of endogenous substance causing chronic inflammation

cholesterol

Immune-related cause of chronic inflammation

hypersensitivity diseases

Autoimmune disease example causing chronic inflammation

rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus

Unregulated immune response against microbes example

inflammatory bowel disease

Allergic disease example causing chronic inflammation

bronchial asthma

Key immune cells infiltrating in chronic inflammation

mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)

Tissue damage in chronic inflammation is caused by

persistent offending agent

Process of new blood vessel formation during healing in chronic inflammation

angiogenesis

Process of connective tissue increase during healing in chronic inflammation

fibrosis

Type of chronic inflammation without epithelioid cells

non-granulomatous chronic inflammation

Key feature absent in non-granulomatous chronic inflammation

epithelioid cells

Main cells in non-granulomatous chronic inflammation

histiocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

Type of chronic inflammation characterized by epithelioid cells

granulomatous chronic inflammation

Hallmark cell of granulomatous inflammation

epithelioid cell

Cellular collections seen in granulomatous inflammation

activated macrophages, T lymphocytes

Purpose of granuloma formation

attempt to contain difficult-to-eradicate agent

Example of disease with granuloma formation

tuberculosis

Type of granuloma formed around inert materials like talc or sutures

foreign body granuloma

Immune response involved in foreign body granuloma formation

none (no specific immune response)

Type of granuloma caused by persistent T-cell–mediated immune response

immune granuloma

Trigger of immune granuloma

persistent, hard-to-eradicate agents

Granuloma type associated with silicosis or berylliosis

foreign body or immune granuloma (depending on context)

Granulomatous inflammation caused by cholesterol and triglyceride irritants

inorganic materials and lipids

Granulomatous inflammation of unknown cause

sarcoidosis