AP BIO / UNIT 2 - CELLS

Mine + Paige's combined

what all organisms are made of

cells

cell

Simplest collection of matter that can live

what cellular structure is related to

Cellular function

why all cells are related

their descent from earlier cells

types of cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Prokaryote examples

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryote examples

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants

Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer

Contractile vacuole

Only found in freshwater protists, pump out excess water

Cell wall functions

protects cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water

Cellulose fibers

Make up the cell wall

Functions of the ECM

support, adhesion, movement, regulation, signaling

types of cell membrane proteins

channel, carrier, gated

Channel proteins

small openings to diffuse through

Carrier proteins

binding site to grab & take certain molecules

what is needed to open a gated protein

ATP energy, ligand key

Cholesterol

stiffens membrane and connecting phospholipids

Glycolipid (carbohydrate in the cell membrane)

Sends signal

Glycoprotein (carbohydrate in the cell membrane)

Cell to cell recognition and adhesion

Selectively permeable

Allows some things through (ex; cell membrane)

Passive transport

The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy

types of passive transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

The shape of carrier proteins changes as they...

move molecules across the membrane

Simple diffusion

Form of passive transportation when molecules move from [high] to [low]

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion with a carrier or channel protein

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Hypotonic

[low] solutes

Hypertonic

[high]

Isotonic

[equal]

Hypotonic solution causes a cell to…

grow

Hypertonic solution causes a cell to…

shrink

Isotonic solution causes a cell to…

stay the same size

Tonicity

how a solution affects cell volume

Active transport

movement using ATP energy from [low] to [high] (uphill against the [gradient])

Active transport examples

sodium potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis, CTFR channel

sodium-potassium pump function

Pumps out 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions taken in against the gradient using a huge amount of energy.

sodium-potassium pump importance

Prevents a sodium buildup in our cells

CTFR channel mutation

Prevents movement in molecules, causing mucus to be thick

Endocytosis function

taking substances into the cell

Types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Cell takes in water and drinks

Exocytosis

pushing substances out of the cell

water always moves from

high to low potential

Solute potential

due to solutes, aka osmotic potential

Water potential equation

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp

Solute potential equation

Ψs = -iCRT

What i represents in -iCRT

Ionization constant

ionization constant of sucrose and why

1, because it doesn't ionize in water

C in -iCRT

molar concentration

R in -iCRT

pressure constant (.0831, unless stated otherwise)

T in -iCRT

temperature in Kelvin (273 + C° of solution)

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts were their own prokaryotic cells and joined together inside a eukaryotic cell

Cell differentiation

how cells decide what they're going to become

types of cell junctions

tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Prokaryotes have a nucleoid, eukaryotes have a nucleus

Difference between a nucleoid and nucleus

A nucleus has a double membrane, while a nucleoid has no membrane (it's a region)

Why are cells so small?

for the surface area to volume ratio, cells function the best

What chromosomes are made of

chromatin

Two components of chromatin

DNA and proteins

When the chromatin fibers condense into distinct chromosomes

When the cell prepares to divide

What is assembled in the nucleolus

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Ribosomes function

to carry out protein synthesis

ribosome structure components

large and small subunits of proteins and rRNA

Are ribosomes organelles? Why or why not?

No, they are not membrane bound

types of ribosomes

free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

free ribosome location

cytosol

Free ribosome product

proteins functioning in the cytosol (enzymes)

bound ribosome location

attached to the ER or nuclear envelope

bound ribosome product

proteins made to insert into membranes for packaging (lysosomes)

main organelles in the endomembrane system

ER, golgi, nucleus, vesicles, ribosomes

Functions of the Endomembrane System

protein synthesis & transport, lipid movement, metabolism, and poison detoxification

relationship between transport vesicles and ER

vesicles bud off from the RER and travel off

Difference between the smooth and rough ER

Function and appearance

rough ER functions

packaging of secretory proteins (into transport vesicles), membrane production

lysosome

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

lysosomes functions

phagocytosis and autophagy

phagocytosis

intracellular digestion of particles through lysosomes and food vacuoles

autophagy

recycling of cellular components

organelles that aren't a part of the endomembrane system

mitochondria, chloroplasts

folded inner membrane of the mitochondria

cristae folds

why mitochondria have cristae and chloroplasts have thykaloids

better surface area

roles of cytoskeleton

support, motility, shape, regulation

types of cytoskeleton

microfilaments (smallest), intermediate filaments, microtubules (largest)

tubulin

the globular protein that makes up microtubules

the more permanent fixtures of cells

intermediate filaments

functions of intermediate filaments

reinforce the cell shape, fix the position of certain organelles

Animal cells do not have

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

basic features of all cells

plasma membrane, cytosol, genetic material, and ribosomes

prokaryotic cell characteristics

unbound DNA region (nucleoid), no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm is bound by plasma membrane, single-celled organism, 1 - 10 µm

organelles not found in prokaryotic cells

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes

eukaryotic cell characteristics

bounded DNA by a membrane and nuclear envelope, has membrane-bound organelles, larger, 10 - 100 µm

distinguishing characteristics of plant cells

cell wall, chloroplasts, pigment chlorophyll, boxy, and central vacuole

components of the endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, and plasma membrane

cell differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function. it decides what it will become

flow chart of the development of a secretory product

nucleus (DNA to RNA) --> ribosomes --> golgi (package) --> vesicles --> leaves the cell

organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell

cytoplasm structure

the inside of the cell

cytoplasm function

holds together the components of the cell, stores the molecules required for cellular processes, and gives the cell its shape.

cytosol structure

fluid in the cytoplasm that is composed mostly of water and proteins

cytosol function

distributes materials, gives support to organelles, a platform for cellular metabolic processes, and stores materials