Studied by 2 people
Mine + Paige's combined
what all organisms are made of
cells
cell
Simplest collection of matter that can live
what cellular structure is related to
Cellular function
why all cells are related
their descent from earlier cells
types of cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryote examples
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryote examples
Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
Plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer
Contractile vacuole
Only found in freshwater protists, pump out excess water
Cell wall functions
protects cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water
Cellulose fibers
Make up the cell wall
Functions of the ECM
support, adhesion, movement, regulation, signaling
types of cell membrane proteins
channel, carrier, gated
Channel proteins
small openings to diffuse through
Carrier proteins
binding site to grab & take certain molecules
what is needed to open a gated protein
ATP energy, ligand key
Cholesterol
stiffens membrane and connecting phospholipids
Glycolipid (carbohydrate in the cell membrane)
Sends signal
Glycoprotein (carbohydrate in the cell membrane)
Cell to cell recognition and adhesion
Selectively permeable
Allows some things through (ex; cell membrane)
Passive transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
types of passive transport
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
The shape of carrier proteins changes as they...
move molecules across the membrane
Simple diffusion
Form of passive transportation when molecules move from [high] to [low]
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion with a carrier or channel protein
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Hypotonic
[low] solutes
Hypertonic
[high]
Isotonic
[equal]
Hypotonic solution causes a cell to…
grow
Hypertonic solution causes a cell to…
shrink
Isotonic solution causes a cell to…
stay the same size
Tonicity
how a solution affects cell volume
Active transport
movement using ATP energy from [low] to [high] (uphill against the [gradient])
Active transport examples
sodium potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis, CTFR channel
sodium-potassium pump function
Pumps out 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions taken in against the gradient using a huge amount of energy.
sodium-potassium pump importance
Prevents a sodium buildup in our cells
CTFR channel mutation
Prevents movement in molecules, causing mucus to be thick
Endocytosis function
taking substances into the cell
Types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Cell takes in water and drinks
Exocytosis
pushing substances out of the cell
water always moves from
high to low potential
Solute potential
due to solutes, aka osmotic potential
Water potential equation
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp
Solute potential equation
Ψs = -iCRT
What i represents in -iCRT
Ionization constant
ionization constant of sucrose and why
1, because it doesn't ionize in water
C in -iCRT
molar concentration
R in -iCRT
pressure constant (.0831, unless stated otherwise)
T in -iCRT
temperature in Kelvin (273 + C° of solution)
endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts were their own prokaryotic cells and joined together inside a eukaryotic cell
Cell differentiation
how cells decide what they're going to become
types of cell junctions
tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
Prokaryotes have a nucleoid, eukaryotes have a nucleus
Difference between a nucleoid and nucleus
A nucleus has a double membrane, while a nucleoid has no membrane (it's a region)
Why are cells so small?
for the surface area to volume ratio, cells function the best
What chromosomes are made of
chromatin
Two components of chromatin
DNA and proteins
When the chromatin fibers condense into distinct chromosomes
When the cell prepares to divide
What is assembled in the nucleolus
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosomes function
to carry out protein synthesis
ribosome structure components
large and small subunits of proteins and rRNA
Are ribosomes organelles? Why or why not?
No, they are not membrane bound
types of ribosomes
free ribosomes and bound ribosomes
free ribosome location
cytosol
Free ribosome product
proteins functioning in the cytosol (enzymes)
bound ribosome location
attached to the ER or nuclear envelope
bound ribosome product
proteins made to insert into membranes for packaging (lysosomes)
main organelles in the endomembrane system
ER, golgi, nucleus, vesicles, ribosomes
Functions of the Endomembrane System
protein synthesis & transport, lipid movement, metabolism, and poison detoxification
relationship between transport vesicles and ER
vesicles bud off from the RER and travel off
Difference between the smooth and rough ER
Function and appearance
rough ER functions
packaging of secretory proteins (into transport vesicles), membrane production
lysosome
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes functions
phagocytosis and autophagy
phagocytosis
intracellular digestion of particles through lysosomes and food vacuoles
autophagy
recycling of cellular components
organelles that aren't a part of the endomembrane system
mitochondria, chloroplasts
folded inner membrane of the mitochondria
cristae folds
why mitochondria have cristae and chloroplasts have thykaloids
better surface area
roles of cytoskeleton
support, motility, shape, regulation
types of cytoskeleton
microfilaments (smallest), intermediate filaments, microtubules (largest)
tubulin
the globular protein that makes up microtubules
the more permanent fixtures of cells
intermediate filaments
functions of intermediate filaments
reinforce the cell shape, fix the position of certain organelles
Animal cells do not have
cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
basic features of all cells
plasma membrane, cytosol, genetic material, and ribosomes
prokaryotic cell characteristics
unbound DNA region (nucleoid), no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm is bound by plasma membrane, single-celled organism, 1 - 10 µm
organelles not found in prokaryotic cells
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes
eukaryotic cell characteristics
bounded DNA by a membrane and nuclear envelope, has membrane-bound organelles, larger, 10 - 100 µm
distinguishing characteristics of plant cells
cell wall, chloroplasts, pigment chlorophyll, boxy, and central vacuole
components of the endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, and plasma membrane
cell differentiation
the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function. it decides what it will become
flow chart of the development of a secretory product
nucleus (DNA to RNA) --> ribosomes --> golgi (package) --> vesicles --> leaves the cell
organelle
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell
cytoplasm structure
the inside of the cell
cytoplasm function
holds together the components of the cell, stores the molecules required for cellular processes, and gives the cell its shape.
cytosol structure
fluid in the cytoplasm that is composed mostly of water and proteins
cytosol function
distributes materials, gives support to organelles, a platform for cellular metabolic processes, and stores materials
Note 
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