HSP3U Exam Review

What is anthropology?

The study of human society and their culture/ development

Physical Anthropology

The study of human biolocial and physiological characteristics and their evolution, studies include biological and, primatology, and forensics

fundamentalists

-Fundamentalists accept the book of Genesis literally; they believe it is not possible species to transform into another (ex. Bird - Snake)

non fundamentalists

Non-Fundamentalists do not believe the literal interpretation; read it symbolically. A majority of proof exits in fossils

What makes us human? What gene makes us human?

Anthropologists point to four factors,
1. is bipedalism (the ability to stand upright). numerous theories include- change in environment, shifts from trees to grassland, and free hands for tool use.
term-120
2.Opposable thumbs (precision and powerful grips)term-120

3.Brain size (mentor and sensory capacity). Scientist have proven that the larger the brain the larger the body which is a huge evolutionary advantage

4.The use of tools and symbols (culture)

List the homo classification

H. Habilis\> H. Erectus\> H. Sapiens Neanderthalensis\> H. Sapiens Sapiens

Explain the difference between Ethnology

the study of origins and cultures of different races and peoples

ethnologist

study topics such as marriage, customs, kinship partners, political and economic systems, religion, art, music, and tech.

Paleoanthropology

the study of bones and stone remains of our ancestors from millions of years ago, it's the study of human ancestors living with humans called hominins (a human or human ancestor). Evidence of hominins' are present in biological matter, or fossils which include skeletal remains, ancient tools, animal bones, and remains of vegetables remain.

Human Variation

study of the physical differences and similarities of existing human populations

Primatology

study of primates

What is a school of thought?

way of looking at a topic from a particular perspective

Kinship

human relations through mating, genealogy, and adoption) defined by different cultures differently

fictive kinship

constructed by kinships such as close family friends who are like grandparents or live family, etc.

matriarchy

a form of social organization in which females dominate males

patriarchy

sets the father as the head of the family and is typically responsible for the decisions and the entire income

Cultural Relativism

Anthropologists cannot compare two cultures, as each has its own sets of beliefs and internal rules

Functional Theory

The idea that every belief, action or relationship in a cultural sense to meet individuals needs

Cultural Materialism

Material or conditions within the environment (eg, climate food, supply, geography) influence how culture develops, creating the ideology of culture

Feminist Anthropology

Examination so female voices were heard. Compared cultured to see which were male dominated or which was female dominated, or egalitarian

Post Modernism

The theory that influences disciplines such as anthropology. The belief that it is impossible to have any true knowledge about the world. PM regret objective truth

Historical Linguistics

Anthropologists compare similarities and differences of language structures so they can learn how people migrated in the past.

Structural Linguistics

The study of how thigs are assembled and put together

Sociolinguistics

the study of how people use language within culture. How people address and show relationships.

Prehistoric Archaeology

ways to find out how people lived hundreds of years ago.

Archaeology and History

What happened in the past, and it is the study of what happened in the past based on things people left behind.

Bronislaw Manlinowski

Functional theory; very action, belief to relationship a culture functions to meet the needs of individuals.

Franz Boas

Cultural Relativism, he culture has its own rules

lewis H. Morgan

Devised the concept of Unilinear Evolution and Social Evolution

Margret Mead

found gender roles are not universal

Ruth Benedict

Anthropologist that helped develop the "culture and personality movement" and her student Margaret Mead reached even greater heights with Coming of Age in Samoa

Marvin Harris

Pioneered cultural materialism, state climate, food, supply, and geography, influence how culture develops. Society is developed on a trial and error basis. If something is not valuable to society, it will disappear forever. er

Ernestine fredl

feminist anthropologist, examines society by gender, culturally constructed gender roles and myths.

Gayle Rubin

challenges the idea that people are born male or female.

Define the meaning of culture

A shared set of values, ideas, concepts, and rules of behaviour that allow a social group to function and perpetuate itself. Culture is an environment, behaviours, values and attitudes along with, fundamental assumptions and beliefs.

Identify the basic components of culture and describe examples of each in various

technology, values/ beliefs, institutions, Habitats and customs, Language communication, art and entertainment.

Describe how culture shapes our values and beliefs

two men holding hands shows they are friends, or if my father dies my mother should marry my uncle.

rite of passage

birth, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old adulthood.

what is the definition of sex?

genetically includes males having XY chromosomes and Females having XX chromosomes. Visible identification can be exhibited in the genitals and sex-linked features.

what is the definition of gender?

roles, expectations, image/ appearance. also culturally constructed with connected gender symbols (e.g., bathroom symbols for male and female); there are also gender concepts such as what it means to be Male or Female. Lastly, it can be defined relative value between (power relationships)

what are gender roles

attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

gender identity

includes individual who identifies as Heterosexual, homosexual, Inter-sexted (Has both Characteristics), transgender (Has different identity form the real sex assigned.)

how is gender constructed?

by society in ways such as clothing, symbols, and classification between males and females.

how has globalization and technology affected culture

Amber Case is a cyborg anthropologist who studies how humans and technology impact each other. For example (space suits and scuba gear are technologies that allow a person to survive in situations that not having them would likely kill them). Along with space suits and scuba gear, technology has evolved through the internet in devices such as mp3 players, Tablets, and phones. In today's world, we are carrying around a virtual bag of ourselves rather than papers and information. We ultimately hold power to connect at any given second through emails and texting.

what are the positive affects of globalization?

The positive effects include connections between humans around the globe, which break down the cultural barriers and expose people to ideas and products. Positives also include individuals who are living under oppressive regimes but have the internet to learn about things that have censors to them. Globalization may also be considered a form of protest (usage of a photo and sharing it) and an access point for products around the world.

what are the negatives of globalization?

The adverse effects of globalization include the destruction of culture, damage of businesses, a lack of companies, a lack of activity in people, and a loss of jobs.

What is Sociology?

the study of human values, relationships, beliefs, social classes, structures in the workplace, gender roles and criminology.

What are subgroups within a society? Within Canada? Within a school (think Mean Girls)?

include ethnic groups, education level, student clubs, workplace structure, etc. many subgroups in Canada such as immigrants, lower class, middle class, and upper-class citizens in society. Although in high school, they are prominent within mobs such as "the nerds, the jocks, the popular kids, the technological students, honor roll students, and the individual's no one notices.

What is macrosociology?

analyzes social systems on a larger scale, for example, studying religion and learning about religious worship as a large structure or institution in society.

What is microsociology?

examines small groups of individuals within the community. For example, studying religion and learning about the role and beliefs of a single worshipper or small group of worshipers within a religion.

define social perspective

defined as an aspect of a person's thoughts and behaviors that are strongly influenced by other people.

what are societies values

are shared ideas within a society about standards that are considered acceptable.
For example, in Canada, free speech is a value.

what are societies norms?

Expectations about how to behave in a particular situation.
For example, when you go to a concert, you are expected to yell and cheer and sing along, but the same behaviour in the classroom is unacceptable.

what are societies roles?

Contain sets of expectations of others because of their particular social position.
For example, you would expect a police officer to stop to help you if you were at the side of the road fixing a flat tire, but you do not expect the same of the average citizen

Emile Durkheim

A theorist of structural functionalism formally established sociology as an academic discipline. He is known for the sociological method still practiced today. His work centered on the belief that society functions logically and protests the interests of its members. His study was based on the force that joins individuals in society. observed that humans are very social creatures and define themselves by their social interactions at home, work, play, and worship. He called the emerging diversity in society functional differentiation.

Talcott Parsons

A theorist of structural functionalism, he is responsible for developing the structural-functionalist school of thought in the united states. He emphasized that all social phenomena and relationships could be explained through their functions in society. Meaning individuals in specific groups in society could be defined by the purpose they serve. Although people act in their self-interest, parsons concluded that there is a strong desire among people to get along with each other and cooperate to achieve goals on shared values.

Karl Marx

Author of the communist manifesto, German philosopher interested primarily I. economic history. believed in conflict theory. Theories focused on the idea of class conflict, it's the role in social evolution and its usefulness in understanding social conflicts. Marx examined societies through their economic organization and found that western society is based on a system of property and labor exploitation, particularly in capitalist economic systems.

Dorothy Smith

Studied feminist sociology; Canadian sociologist, contends that women have been marginalized in society. Smith's starting point was that culture is socially constructed since society is constructed to favor men, it does not operate women's best interests. Just as Marx studied economic inequality, feminist sociologists examine gender inequality. Female sociologists expanded their study on how men-controlled women's lives.

Max Weber

A German scholar who believed that social life is a rite with examples of conflict and cohesion. In writing he laid out a theory he called rationalization, which is defined as social actions motivated by efficiency or benefit, rather that morality. According to weber, rationalization helps society to function more efficiently.

Charles Cooley

Studied relationships between individuals and society in grant depth. He believed that the two are interconnected and that their functions cannot be separated. believed the constant interaction with members of one's primary group is crucial to developing social identity.

George Herbert Mead

believed in the looking glass self as a way of explaining how individuals see themselves through the eyes of those with whom they interact.one step further and claimed that, depending on the circumstances, the individual assumes a variety of different social roles and learns early on which "mask" to wear.

primary socilization

refers to the process of learning the necessary skills needed to survive in society, such as hygiene, eating with utensils, how to use language, and how to dress appropriately

secondary socialization

is the process of learning how to appropriately behave in new situations; churches or educational institutions like high school.

Anticipatory socialization

defines learning how to plan behaviors in new situations. For example (using prior knowledge of special occasions to think ahead and anticipate the type of clothing, language, and action for your cousin's wedding).

Resocialization

the process by which a negative response transforms into socially accepted behaviors. For example (a criminal released from prison has an opportunity to practice new acceptable behavior).

What is physical abuse?

the act of assaulting or inflicting harm upon a child or individual

what is sexual abuse

when an adult uses a child or adolescent for sexual purposes, this includes unwanted touching and is commonly acted out by a peer, sibling, or family member.

what is emotional abuse?

includes constant criticism of a child or subjection to unhappy or disturbing situations. Lastly, neglect is the failure to provide physical or emotional necessities of life.

define feral

wild children who have grown up with minimal human contact or none at all. These children are brought up by animals or were isolated and somehow survived.

define isolated children

are children limited to social interaction with other people. These children have either been abandoned, neglected, and abused. They have been raised in human households but have been severely neglected physically, emotionally, and socially which will lead to mental issues.

What do the cases of Oxana, Genie, and Danielle tell you about the importance of socialization in the early years of life?

early childhood socialization is vital to sustaining normality in today's modern society. These three cases show the gruesome outcomes of desocialization in the early stages of life. The cases teach us that to sustain healthy socialization, children must have emotional, physical, and mental care.

What is nature vs. nurture?

Genetic vs. environment producing traits or behaviours, elaborte

what influences behaviour?

the effect others have on a person's thoughts and actions. It can be shown in two ways, directly or indirectly. Direct influence is following a group's choice even though yours's differed an example of this.

What is collective behaviour?

Social behaviour by a large group that does not reflect existing rules, instinct ion, or societal structures.

What is altruism?

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

what is a mob?

a crowd whose members under the stimulus of intense excitement or agitation lose their sense of reason and respect for law and order and follow leaders into lawless acts. A mob is a disorderly crowd of individuals

what is a smart-mob?

are known as larger groups of individuals who use electronic media to acquire and stage surprise Public gatherings

what is mass hysteria?

the act of irrational reactions to pronounced dangers.

What is groupthink?

is defined as the effects of collective pressure on the decision-making abilities of individual members of a group.

What is obidience?

is the act or habit of doing what one is told or submitting to authority.

primary agents of socialization

family

secondary agents of socialization

school, peers, the workplace, media, and religion.

what are family structures?

the nuclear family, the blended family, the interracial family, the extended family, same-sex families, and the lone-parent family.

nuclear family

Mother, father and children living as a unit

blended family

a married couple and their children from previous marriages

interracial family

consists of parents of different ethnic/ racial backgrounds

extended family

household made up of several generations of family members

Same sex family

People of the same sex are the primary caregivers of one or more children.

Lone parent family

Family consisting of one parent living with one or more of their children.

what are influences on identity?

ideas that help an individual as they internalize the things they learn through socialization, they develop a social identity, or a concept of themselves and how they fit in society. The influences of social identity include age, gender, culture, and social class.

How do you think age, culture, gender and social class influence their social identity?

In many ways age, gender, culture, and social class influence social identity as in society many people share a relation to these types of things. Age has a massive factor on social as it is a common factor with whom you spend time with or talk with. The same goes for culture, gender and social class. These factors of society define you and are associated with things happening around you.

Define Role Theory

defined by human behavior and how they act in society. Role theory states, all human behavior is acted as people manipulate their appearance in order to present a specific kind of self, depending on the audience. Our roles in society are dependent on things like our age, gender, social position, and relationships with others. Role theory states we are often playing different parts, or roles, in the story of our lives.

What is pyschology?

The scientific study of behaviours and mental processes

Ivan Pavlov

19th century Germany, studied behaviors timing, attention spans, perception, and learning. The most known investigation was on conditioning (A type of learning which an animal or person responds to stimulus in ways that normally don't bring upon response.) Dr. Pavlov's classical conditioning entails letting a dog hear a bell just before eating and soon the dog will react to the sound of the bell as if it were food.

Sigmund Freud

Known as the father of psychology, he established a branch of psychology known as psychoanalysis. Freud is the father of clinical therapy, and his work is still considered very influential.

Karen Horney

a Neo-Freudian agreed with the concepts of the mind but simply disagrees with the importance placed on sexual instincts. She found the theory did not represent females

Carl Jung

was a swiss physiatrist and Freud's student, but broke from Freud's ideas

Analytic psychology is a balance in a person's psyche that e brings a chance to reach your full potential.

Abraham Maslow

one of the founders of humanist psychology. Other than Freud he studied people who were mentally well. His study focused on self- actualization in people.

Jean Piaget

was a swiss psychologist who worked with IQ testing. His theory was cognitive development stage which focused on mental processes that are dependent on the stages of development or age.

Albert Bandura

a Canadian psychologist who studied socio-cognitive theory (motivation, environment, and behavior to understand personality and motivation.)