Chapter 8 vocab

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54 Terms

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Anti-Masonic Party
A 19th century minor political party in the United States that strongly opposed Freemasonry and was founded as a single-issue party.
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Caucus
A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.
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Closed Primaries
Elections to select party nominees in which only registered party members can vote for that party's candidates.
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Coalition
A combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose.
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Coalition Government
When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature.
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Congressional Campaign Committee
A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members and potential members.
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Critical Election
An election marked by significant changes in traditional patterns of party loyalty.
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Critical (or realigning) Period
Periods when a sharp lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties.
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Democratic-Republicans
An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson, which favored less centralized government.
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Factional Parties
Parties formed by a split within one of the major parties.
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Factions
Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties.
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Federalists
Supporters of the Constitution.
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Hatch Act
A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.
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Ideological Parties
Parties based on a particular set of beliefs and a comprehensive view of political matters.
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Initiative
A procedure allowing voters to propose a law or constitutional amendment.
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Linkage Institution
Channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda.
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Machine
A device that changes a force.
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Mugwumps
Individuals who are unable to make up their mind on an issue; neutral on controversial matters.
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National (party) Chair
The day-to-day party manager elected by the national committee.
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National Committee
Delegates who run party affairs between national conventions.
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National Convention
The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.
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New Deal Coalition
A coalition forged by the Democrats from the 1930's to the 1960's, comprising various social groups.
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Nonpartisan Election
A local election where candidates are not endorsed by political parties and party affiliation is not listed on ballots.
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Office Bloc Ballot
A ballot listing all candidates of a given office under the name of that office.
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Open Primaries
Elections in which voters can decide on Election Day whether to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.
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Organizational Party
The workers and activists that make up the party's formal organization structure.
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Party Column Ballot
A ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the party's name.
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Party Dealignment
The gradual disengagement of people from the parties, reflected in shrinking party identification.
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Party Eras
Historical periods where a majority of voters persistently support the party in power.
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Party Identification
A citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one political party over another.
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Party Image
The voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for.
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Party Polarization
A situation where a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators.
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Party Realignment
The displacement of the majority party by the minority party during a critical election period.
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Patronage
Granting favors or making appointments to office in exchange for political support.
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Personal Following
Political support provided to a candidate based on personal popularity and networks.
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Plurality System
An electoral system in which the winner gets the most votes, without needing a majority.
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Political Machine
A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage.
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Political Party
A group of individuals with common interests organized to nominate candidates and conduct government.
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Proportional Representation
An election system where each party receives legislative seats proportional to its vote share.
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Rational-Choice Theory
A theory explaining voter and politician actions based on self-interest and weighing costs and benefits.
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Referendum
A legislative act referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate.
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Responsible Party Model
A view on how parties should work by offering clear choices to voters for their preferences.
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Republican
A person advocating or supporting republican government.
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Second-Party System
The political system that emerged with Andrew Jackson seeking presidency in 1824.
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Solidary Groups
Parties organized around sociability rather than tangible rewards or ideology.
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Solidary Incentives
The social rewards that motivate individuals to join political organizations.
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Split Ticket Voting
Voting for candidates of different parties for different offices in the same election.
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Sponsored Parties
Parties supported by a person holding a current Sponsorship Certificate.
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Stalwarts
A faction of the Republican party in the late 1800s that supported the political machine and patronage.
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Superdelegates
National party leaders who automatically gain a delegate slot at the Democratic national party convention.
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Tammany Hall
A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City known for corruption.
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Third Parties
Electoral contenders other than the two major parties; relatively rare in winning elections.
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Two-Party System
An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.
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Winner-take-all
A system where the primary winner automatically gains all delegates chosen in the primary.