What were Franklin’s and Watson and Crick’s contributions to science?
They illustrated and explained a double helix model.
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What are the 3 parts of the double helix model?
Antiparallel strands, hydrogen bonding, and base pairing
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Prokaryotic DNA replication
DNA is a circular ring that is free floating in the cytoplasm.
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Eukaryotic DNA replication
DNA is found as chromosomes in the nucleus.
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What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
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What are the roles of RNA?
Helps put the genetic code of DNA into action.
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What is messenger RNA?
Used to make protein and travels to the cytoplasm to synthesize ribosomes.
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What is ribosomal RNA?
Responsible for protein synthesis and occurs in ribosomes made up of subunits
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What is transfer RNA?
Carry amino acids from the cytoplasm to the messenger RNA
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What are promoters?
Encourages RNA synthesis.
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What are the steps in translation?
Ribosomes attach to mRNA in the cytoplasm, and translation starts when the start codon is found. tRNA brings amino acids into the ribosome as each codon passes through.
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How does a codon wheel work?
Start in the middle with the first letter of the codon and work outwards to find the second and third bases. The corresponding word reveals the amino acid.
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What is a mutation?
Changes in the sequence of nucleotides or in the number or structure of chromosomes.
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What are the different types of mutations?
Point and chromosomal mutations
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What are the different types of point mutations?
Substitutions, insertions, deletions.
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What are the different types of chromosomal mutations?
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
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What were Gregor Mendel’s contributions to science?
Genetics and the role of fertilization
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What was Mendel’s job?
A teacher
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What plant did Mendel use?
Pea plant
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How many alleles do organisms have for each characteristic?
2
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How many alleles come from each parent?
1
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How can dominant traits be shown?
At least one dominant allele is present
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How can recessive traits be shown?
Both alleles must be recessive
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What is homozygous?
2 identical alleles for a gene.
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What is heterozygous?
2 different alleles for a gene
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What is a diploid?
Contains 2 sets of a homologous chromosomes
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What is a haploid?
contains a single set of chromosomes
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What is segregation in terms of genetics?
When each parent passes a copy of their gene to the offspring.
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What is genotype?
Genetic makeup
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What is phenotype?
Physical traits
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What is incomplete dominance?
One allele is not completely dominant over the other.
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What is codominance?
Phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed.
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What are genes controlled by multiple alleles?
A gene with more than 2 forms
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What are polygenic traits?
Produced by the interaction of several genes.
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What happens in meiosis?
The number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
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When does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
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How do punnent squares work?
Shows the possible offspring of parents based on their genes.
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What is mitosis?
Cell division resulting in 2 daughter cells
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What is ecology?
The study of nature’s houses.
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Why should we study ecology?
So we can learn and interact with organisms, populations, and communities and their interaction with the environment.
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What is are species?
A group of similar organisms that can breed together.
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What are populations?
A group of individuals in a species that live in the same area.
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What are communities?
Different populations living in the same area.
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What are ecosystems?
Every living and nonliving thing of an environment is found in a specific location.
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What are biomes?
Group of ecosystems
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What is a biosphere?
All the biomes
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What are biotic factors?
Living things
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What are abiotic factors?
Nonliving things
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What are primary producers?
The first producers of energy rich compounds that can be used later by other organisms.
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What is a keystone species?
A species that can influence an entire community and change ecosystems.
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What are the three types of symbiosis relationships we discussed?
Commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
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What is a global footprint?
The total area of healthy land and water ecosystems need to provide resources you use.
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What is the main greenhouse gas?
Carbon dioxide
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How has climate change impacted the Earth?
Greenhouse gas concentration is rising leading to climate change.
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What is an anthrobiome?
Human altered biomes where there is little land left.
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What is an anthropocene?
When human activity is the main cause of climate change.
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What should be considered while designing sustainable resources?
Using resources that preserve ecosystems, and can be produced or replaced by these ecosystems.
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What is biological magnification?
Pollutants are not broken down when picked up by organisms.
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What is ocean acidification and what impact can it have?
When burning fossil fuels releases a large amount of carbon dioxide that dissolves in seawater that stresses marine organisms and ecosystems.
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What is habitat fragmentation?
Natural habitats that are completely changed.
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What are biological islands?
Areas suited for specific ecosystems.
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What are invasive species?
Nonnative species that cause economic, environmental, or human harm.
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How has and can climate change impact agriculture?
Agriculture releases methane
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Speies vary locally
Different but related species occupy different habitats in the same area.
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Species vary globally
Different but ecologically related species living in different but ecologically similar environments
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Species vary over time
Extinct species that are similar to living organisms.
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What is artificial selection?
Selective breeding
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What is natural selection?
Nature chooses what genes are passed on
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What is fitness?
How well an organism can survive and reproduce
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What is biogeography?
Explains how modern organisms evolved from their ancestors.
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What are homologous structures?
Similar structures with different functions.
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What are vestigial strucutres?
Structures that have lost most of their original size and function.
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What are analogous strucutres?
Different structures that share a common function.
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How do mutations affect evolution?
A change in genetic information that can lower or higher the fitness or phenotypes of an organism.
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How does genetic recombination affect evolution?
It causes differences in relatives which can lead to a greater genetic variation.
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How does natural selection act on single-gene traits?
2-3 phenotypes
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How does natural selection act on polygenic traits?
Controlled by 2 or more genes with many possible genotypes. Leads to directional, disruptive, or stabilizing selection.
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What is directional selection?
Organisms at one end of the curve have higher fitness than others and the range of phenotypes shift.
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What is stabilizing selection?
Organisms near the middle of the curve have higher fitness.
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What is disruptive selection?
Phenotypes at both ends of the curve become more common.
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What is genetic drift?
A frequency change in a gene due to a random change.
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What are genetic bottlenecks?
When many organisms die off, leaving a diverse gene pool.
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What is the founder affect?
When organisms leave and colonize their own area.
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?
Allele frequencies in a population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause change.
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The bases of DNA are ___.
Nitrogenous
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Nucleotides are joined together to form the sides of the DNA "ladder" by what type of bonds?
Covalent
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Nirtrogenous bases are joined together to form rungs of the DNA ladder with what bonds?
Hydrogen
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The enzyme responsible for unzipping DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs is called
DNA helicase
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The enzyme responsible for joining nucleotides to complementary strands of DNA is called
DNA polymerase
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A mutation that causes translation to stop before the protein was actually finished
Nonsense
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A mutation that causes no change to proteins as the amino acid is the same
Silent
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A mutation that causes every amino acid after it to change
Frameshift
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Chemical or physical agents in the environment that increase the risk of mutations
Mutagens
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When male and female reproductive cells join to produce a new cell called a zygote
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