Exam

Arteries

Carries blood away (blue) non-oxygenated

Veins

Carried (red) oxygenated blood to the heart

Pulmonary Circuit

Transports oxy-poor blood from heart to lungs to heart

Systemtic Circuit

transports oxy-rich blood from heart to body cells

Heart location

Thoracic cavity

Pericardium

Covering over heart and large blood vessels

Fibrous Pericardium

Outer layer of heart, double layer of serious membrane

Parietal Pericardium

Deep to fibrous Pericardium, outer layer of serous

Visceral Pericardium

Inner layer of serous membrane, attached to surface of heart

Epicardium

Outer layer (also called visceral pericardium)

Myocardium

Middle layer made up of cardiac muscle tissue. thickest, pumps blood from

Endocardium

Inner layer forms inner lining of all heart chambers

Right atrium

Revives blood from systemic circuit, pumps to right ventricle

Right Ventricle

Receives blood from right atrium, pumps to lungs.

Left Atrium

Receives blood from pulmonary veins, pumps to left ventricle

Left Ventricle

receives blood from left atrium, pumps to systemic circuit

Tricuspid Valve (Left)

prevents blood from moving from R.V to R.A during contraction

Pulmonary Valve (Bottom)

Prevents blood from pulmonary trunk to R.V during relaxation

Mitral Valve (right)

Prevents blood from L.V to L.A during contraction

Aortic Valve (center)

Prevents blood from aorta to L.V during relaxation.

Left and right coronary art.

supplies blood to tissues of heart

Cardiac cycle

Events of heartbeat, coordinated, regulated beats.

Atrial systole and ven. diastole

Artial contracts and pushes blood to Ven.

ven. systole and atrial diastole

A.v closes, atria relaxes and gets blood, Ven pressure increases and opens semilunar valves. blood goes into pulmonary/aorta

Lubb

during Ven. systole closing and first heart sound

dubb

Ven. diastole, closing pulmonary/aortic semi-v, second heart sound

Murmur

Abnormal heart sound from incomplete closure of valve cusps

Functional syncytium

Mass of merging cells that function as a unit

2 masses of the heart

atrial syncytium and ventricular syncytium

Cadiac conduction system

mass of cardiac much.tissue that send impulses thought myocardium

SA node

Sinoatrial, pacemaker of the heart

Internodal atrial muscle

impulses from SA node to atria

junctional fibers

impulses from SA node to av node

AV node

(Atrioventricular) Impulses to AV bundle, delays impulse to give atria contracts fully before Ven, contracts

AV bundle

“Bundle of his” rapid impulses between SA node and bundle branches

L/R bundle branches

split off from AV bundle, conducts impulses to purkinje fibers

Purkinie fibers

Large fibers that conduct impulses to Ven.Myo

EKG/ECG electrocardigram

records electricle changes in myocardium during cardiac cycle (hearts ability to impulse)

P wave

Atrial depolarization (contraction of atria)

QRS (3 waves)

Ventricular depolar (contraction of ventricular)

T wave

Ventricular repolar (ventricular relax)

Parasympathic impulses

decrease heart rate (SA/VA)

sympathetic impulses

increases heart rate (SA/VA/Ven.MYO)

Baroreceptor reflexes

arise from cardiac control center in medulla oblongata (Balance of SY/para effects)

Arrhythmia

Altered heart rhythms

Fibrillation

Uncoord. heart systems, chaotic contractions of small areas

Tachycardia

Adnormally fast heartbeat >100 bpm

Bradycardia

Abnormally slow heartbeat <60bpm

Flutter

Rapid regular contractions of heart Chambers 250-350bpm

Premature beat

beats before expected normal cardiac cycle (mostly from ectopic regions of heart other than SA node)

Ectopic pacemaker

Damage to SA node may lead to AV node taking over and act as pacemaker 40/60 instead of 70/80

Artificial pacemakers

device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction system

Arterioles

revives blood from arteries and carries to capillaries

Capillaries

site of substance exchange between blood and cells

Venules

Receives blood from capillaries and conduct to veins

Angiogenesis

formation of new blood vessels

Layers of Arteries

Tunica interna (intima), Tunica Media, Tunica externa

Tunica Interna

Intermost layer

Tunica media

smooth muscle and elastic tissue

tunica externa (adventitia)

outermost layers and connective tissue

Capillaries have

both smallest arterioles and venules

Precapillary sphincters

smooth muscle surrounding capillary when it branches (regulates blood flow)

Capillaries exchange

gases, nutrients, and metabolic byproducts

Diffusion

Hi to Lo, lipid-sol through cell membrane, water-sol through membrane channles

Filtration

Hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through membrane (ven contraction)

Osmosis

preasuredraws water into cpillaries opposing filtration

Veins compared to Arteries

Thinner walls, less developed tunica media, carry blood under low pressure, blood reservoirs, have flap-like valves

about 2/3 of blood is in

veins and venules at any time

Atherosclerosis

Deposits of cholesterol plaque from inner lining of artery walls

Aneurysm

Bulge in wall of an artery formed due to blood pressure dilates a weakened area of the vessel (can burst artery wall)

Phlebitis

inflammation of vein

Varicose Veins

Abnormal and irregular dilation in superficial veins (common in legs)

Blood preasure

force of blood against inner walls

Systolic pressure

Maximum pressure reached during ventricular contraction

Diastolic pressure

Minimum remaining before next ventricular contraction

Pulse Pressure

Difference between systolic and diasolic blood pressures

Mean Arterial preasure

Average pressure in arterial system

120/80

Systolic Pressure / Diastolic Pressure

sphygmomanometer

measures arterial blood pressure

Blood Volume

Sum of volume of plasma and formed elements

Peripheral Resistance

Force of friction between blood and walls of blood vessels

Viscosity

Difficulty with which molecules of fluid flow past each other

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Long lasting elevated arterial blood pressure “Silent killer”

Venous blood flow

only partly a direct result of heart action (Dependent: skeletal much contraction, breathing movement, vasoconstriction)

Central venous pressure

pressure in the right artium

Drains into the right atrium

All veins

Lymphatic system

Cells/Biochems that travel in lymphatic vessles