Ethics Richard Burnor and Yvonne Raley, "Consequentialism: Act Utilitarianism"

What is consequentialism?

The moral theory that judges actions based on their consequences.

What is act utilitarianism?

A type of consequentialism where the right action is the one that produces the greatest overall happiness.

What is the “Greatest Happiness Principle”?

The idea that actions are right if they maximize total happiness (pleasure and absence of pain).

How does act utilitarianism evaluate actions?

It evaluates each individual action based on its specific consequences.

Does act utilitarianism follow fixed moral rules?

No, it does not rely on strict rules—any action can be right if it leads to the best outcome.

What does impartiality mean in act utilitarianism?

Everyone’s happiness counts equally, regardless of who they are.

Why is act utilitarianism considered flexible?

Because it allows different actions depending on which produces the best results in each situation.

What is one strength of act utilitarianism?

It treats all individuals’ happiness as equally important.

What is another strength of act utilitarianism?

It provides a clear goal—maximize overall happiness.

What does it mean that act utilitarianism is “demanding”?

It requires individuals to always choose the action that maximizes happiness, even at personal cost.

What is the “justice problem” in act utilitarianism?

It may justify harming an innocent person if it increases overall happiness.

Why is calculating consequences a problem?

A: It is difficult to predict and measure all possible outcomes of an action.

How does act utilitarianism treat moral rights?

It does not guarantee protection of rights if violating them leads to better consequences.

What is a common criticism related to rules?

It ignores traditional moral rules like “don’t lie” or “don’t cheat.”

Overall, how do Burnor and Raley present act utilitarianism?

As a clear and influential theory that raises serious concerns about fairness, rights, and practicality.