2 - LIPOPROTEINS

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/129

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

130 Terms

1
New cards

Phospholipids

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Most abundant lipid derived from phosphatidic acid

2
New cards

Phospholipids

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Form cellular membranes and lipoprotein surfaces

3
New cards

2

1

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Phospholipids

Composed of _ fatty acids + _ polar head group

4
New cards

Choline & Ethanolamine

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Phospholipids

Main types of head groups: (2)

5
New cards

Cholesterol

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Precursor of steroid hormones

6
New cards

4

hydroxyl group

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Cholesterol

Steroid alcohol with _ rings and a _ _

7
New cards

Unesterified (Free) and Cholesterol Ester

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Cholesterol

Main types (2)

8
New cards

Triglycerides

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Main storage lipid in humans

Composed of 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol molecule

Main types: Saturated (Animal), Unsaturated (Plant)

9
New cards

3

1

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Triglycerides

Composed of _ fatty acids + _ glycerol molecule

10
New cards

Saturated (Animal), Unsaturated (Plant)

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Triglycerides

Main types: (2)

11
New cards

Fatty acids

Main Types of Lipids from Most Abundant to Least Abundant

Long C-H chains with a terminal carboxyl group

Rarely free in plasma; mostly in phospholipids or TAG

12
New cards

Lipoproteins

Complex of lipids and apolipoproteins for transport of TAG and cholesterol

13
New cards

Chylomicrons (CM)

Major lipoprotein classes

Largest, least dense; cause of milky plasma

14
New cards

Chylomicrons (CM)

Major lipoprotein classes

Transport exogenous (dietary) triglycerides

15
New cards

Chylomicrons (CM)

Major lipoprotein classes

Cleared by LPL, forming remnants taken up by the liver

16
New cards

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

Transport endogenous triglycerides made in the liver to peripheral cells during fasting

17
New cards

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

Cause plasma turbidity but no creamy layer

18
New cards

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

End product of VLDL catabolism

19
New cards

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

“Bad cholesterol”; most cholesterol-rich

20
New cards

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

Transport cholesterol to peripheral cells

21
New cards

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

Smallest, most dense; synthesized in liver & intestine

22
New cards

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

“Good cholesterol”: most protein-rich

23
New cards

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Major lipoprotein classes

Transport cholesterol excess to the liver

24
New cards

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

Minor lipoprotein classes

Transient VLDL remnants; normally short-lived

Contain intermediate levels of TAG and cholesterol

25
New cards

Lipoprotein (a)

Minor lipoprotein classes

“Sinking pre-β lipoprotein”

26
New cards

Lipoprotein (a)

Minor lipoprotein classes

Electrophoretic mobility like VLDL, density like LDL

Structure similar to plasminogen

27
New cards

Beta-VLDL

Abnormal lipoprotein classes

“Floating β lipoprotein” or “VLDL rich in cholesterol”

28
New cards

Beta-VLDL

Abnormal lipoprotein classes

Electrophoretic mobility like LDL, density like VLDL

Found in Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

29
New cards

Beta-VLDL

Abnormal lipoprotein classes

Found in Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

30
New cards

LpX

Abnormal lipoprotein classes

Seen in cholestatic disease or LCAT deficiency

31
New cards

<0.93

0.93-1.006

1.019-1.063

1.063-1.21

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS

CM

VLDL

LDL

HDL

Density

_

_

_

_

32
New cards

80-95% TAG

2-4% CE

1-3% FE

1-2% Protein

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS

CM

VLDL

LDL

HDL

Composition

_

45-65% TAG

15-20% PL

6-10% Protein

45-50% CE

18-22% Protein

6-8% FE

45-55% Protein

26-32% PL

3-5% FE

33
New cards

45-65% TAG

15-20% PL

6-10% Protein

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS

CM

VLDL

LDL

HDL

Composition

80-95% TAG

2-4% CE

1-3% FE

1-2% Protein

_

45-50% CE

18-22% Protein

6-8% FE

45-55% Protein

26-32% PL

3-5% FE

34
New cards

45-50% CE

18-22% Protein

6-8% FE

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS

CM

VLDL

LDL

HDL

Composition

80-95% TAG

2-4% CE

1-3% FE

1-2% Protein

45-65% TAG

15-20% PL

6-10% Protein

_

45-55% Protein

26-32% PL

3-5% FE

35
New cards

45-55% Protein

26-32% PL

3-5% FE

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS

CM

VLDL

LDL

HDL

Composition

80-95% TAG

2-4% CE

1-3% FE

1-2% Protein

45-65% TAG

15-20% PL

6-10% Protein

45-50% CE

18-22% Protein

6-8% FE

_

36
New cards

Apo B48, C, E

Apo B100, C, E

Apo B100, E

Apo A-I, A-II, C

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS

CM

VLDL

LDL

HDL

Apolipoprotein

_

_

_

_

37
New cards

Apolipoproteins

Located on surface of lipoprotein particles

Maintain structure, enable receptor binding, and regulate enzymes

38
New cards

Apo A1

Characteristics of Major Apolipoproteins

Major HDL protein; antiatherogenic, LCAT activator

39
New cards

Apo B

Characteristics of Major Apolipoproteins

Found in LDL & VLDL; LDL receptor ligand

40
New cards

Apo E?

Characteristics of Major Apolipoproteins

Chylomicron-specific; Remnant receptor ligand

41
New cards

Apo C2

Characteristics of Major Apolipoproteins

LPL cofactor/activator

42
New cards

Apo C3

Characteristics of Major Apolipoproteins

LPL inhibitor

43
New cards

Apo E

Characteristics of Major Apolipoproteins

LDL receptor ligand; targets CM and VLDL remnants

44
New cards

Apo(a)

Characteristics of Major Apolipoproteins

Plasminogen inhibitor

45
New cards

Lipid Absorption Pathway

Lipoprotein Metabolism Pathways

Dietary lipids are digested into fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, free cholesterol, and lysophospholipids

46
New cards

Exogenous Pathway

Lipoprotein Metabolism Pathways

Chylomicrons (from intestinal cells) enter blood via thoracic duct and interact with LPL in capillaries

47
New cards

Endogenous Pathway

Lipoprotein Metabolism Pathways

VLDL is produced in the liver using recirculated lipids and converted into LDL via LPL and hepatic lipase

48
New cards

Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway

Lipoprotein Metabolism Pathways

HDL removes excess cholesterol from peripheral cells, and delivers cholesterol directly to the liver or transfer cholesterol to LDL/VLDL via CETP for indirect delivery

49
New cards

Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)

Lipolytic Enzymes

Hydrolyzes TAG into free fatty acids and glycerol

50
New cards

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

Lipolytic Enzymes

Converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester on immature HDLs

51
New cards

Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT)

Lipolytic Enzymes

Converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester inside cells

52
New cards

Hepatic Lipase

Lipolytic Enzymes

Hydrolyzes TAG and phospholipids in IDL and HDL

53
New cards

Pancreatic Lipase

Lipolytic Enzymes

Hydrolyzes dietary TAGs in the intestine into monoglycerides and free fatty acids

54
New cards

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL)

Lipolytic Enzymes

Releases FFAs from stored triglycerides in adipocytes during fasting or stress

55
New cards

12-hour

4

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

_-_ fast preferred but not highly affected by meals

If delayed analysis, refrigerated at _°C several days

56
New cards

GC-MS and IDMS

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Reference methods (2)

57
New cards

Chemical (Colorimetric)

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Obsolete Methods

58
New cards

Colorimetry

Extraction

Saponification

Precipitation

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Reagents for the steps:

1. Lieberman-Burchardt (_)*

2. Petroleum Ether (_)

3. Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide (_)

4. Digitonin (_)

59
New cards

Pearson, Stern, Mac Gavack

Bloors

Abell-Kendall

Schoenheimer, Sperry, Parekh, Jung

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

General Step Methods:

ж 1-Step (_): C

ж 2-Step (_): C + E

ж 3-Step (_): C + E + S

ж 4-Step (_): C + E + S + P

60
New cards

Lieberman-Burchardt, Green

Salowski, Red

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

There are two colorimetric reactions with their end products:

1. _-_: Cholestadienlyl Monosulfonic Acid (_)

2. _: Cholestadienlyl Disulfonic Acid (_)

61
New cards

Enzymatic Cholesterol Oxidase

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Routine Method

62
New cards

Cholesterol + Fatty acid

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Routine Method

Cholesteryl ester + H2O w/ Cholesteryl esterase

63
New cards

Cholestenone + H2O2

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Routine Method

Cholesterol + O2 w/ Cholesteryl esterase

64
New cards

500

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Routine Method

H2O2 + Dye = Color intensity measured @~_ nm

65
New cards

Hemoglobin, plant sterols

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Positive interference (2)

66
New cards

Vitamin C, Bilirubin

Lipid Measurements

Cholesterol

Negative interferences (2)

67
New cards

10-12

Lipid Measurements

Triglycerides

Requires fasting (_-_ hours)

68
New cards

10-20

Lipid Measurements

Triglycerides

Endogenous glycerol increases TAG by _-_ mg/dL

69
New cards

GC-MS

Lipid Measurements

Triglycerides

Reference Method

70
New cards

Chemical

Lipid Measurements

Triglycerides

Obsolete Methods:

71
New cards
<p>Van Handel &amp; Zilversmith</p>

Van Handel & Zilversmith

Lipid Measurements

Triglycerides

Obsolete Methods

Colorimetric

72
New cards
<p>Hantzch Condensation</p>

Hantzch Condensation

Lipid Measurements

Triglycerides

Obsolete Methods

Fluorometric

73
New cards
<p>Enzymatic Glycerokinase</p>

Enzymatic Glycerokinase

Lipid Measurements

Triglycerides

Obsolete Methods

Routine Method

74
New cards

Ultracentrifugation (Density Gradient)

Lipoprotein Separation Techniques

Reference Method

75
New cards

100,000–120,000×g for 18–24 hours

Lipoprotein Separation Techniques

Ultracentrifugation (Density Gradient)

Force & Duration

76
New cards

Potassium Bromide with 1.063 density

Lipoprotein Separation Techniques

Ultracentrifugation (Density Gradient)

Reagent:

77
New cards

Electrophoresis

Lipoprotein Separation Techniques

Charge & Size-Based

78
New cards

Agarose Gel

Lipoprotein Separation Techniques

Electrophoresis (Charge & Size-Based)

Supporting medium

79
New cards

Oil Red O, Fat Red 7B, Sudan Black B

Lipoprotein Separation Techniques

Electrophoresis (Charge & Size-Based)

Staining Dyes (3)

80
New cards
term image
knowt flashcard image
81
New cards

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS)

Lipoprotein Separation Techniques

Non-destructive imaging technique for lipoproteins

82
New cards

Chemical precipitation (Dextran sulfate + Magnesium)

Centrifugation

Enzymatic cholesterol assay on supernatant

HDL

Obsolete method

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

83
New cards

polymers/detergents

HDL

New and routine methods: direct homogeneous assays using _/_ to block non-HDL reaction

84
New cards

3-step precipitation + Abell-Kendall assay

HDL

Reference method:

85
New cards

β-Quantification

LDL

Reference Method:

86
New cards

VLDL

HDL

LDL

Ultracentrifugation (Remove ) + _ Precipitation

87
New cards

Friedewald Equation (If TAG <400 mg/dL)

LDL

Routine Method

88
New cards

5

2.175

LDL

Friedewald Equation

LDL = Total cholesterol – HDL – (Triglycerides/_)*

or

LDL = Total cholesterol – HDL – (Triglycerides/_)**

*If expressed in mg/dL | **if expressed in mmol/L

89
New cards

Turbidimetry, nephelometry, ELISA

Apolipoproteins

(3)

90
New cards

Familial LPL Deficiency

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

Type 1

91
New cards

Familial LPL Deficiency

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

High CM & TAG

92
New cards

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

Type 2a

93
New cards

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

High Chole & LDL w/ LDL receptor defect

94
New cards

Combined Hyperlipidemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

Type 2b

95
New cards

Combined Hyperlipidemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

High TAG, Chole, LDL, VLDL

96
New cards

Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

Type 3

97
New cards

Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

High VLDL, IDL (Apo E2/2 homozygosity)

98
New cards

Familial Hypertriglyceridemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

Type 4

99
New cards

Familial Hypertriglyceridemia

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

High TAG, VLDL

100
New cards

Type 5

Dyslipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Fredrickson Classifications of Hyperlipoproteinemias

High CM, VLDL, TAG, Chole