Pharynx,Esophagus, and Stomach

Pharynx (function):

Esophagus:

• what mechanism is it involved in?

Esophageal hiatus:

Cardial orifice:

Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter:

-use the muscles to move food

-tube that runs to stomach

• peristalsis

-slit in diaphragm that allows esophagus to pass through

- point where esophagus joins stomach

-keeps orifice closed when not swallowing food so stuff in stomach doesn’t go back up in the throat

“Heartburn”

• What happens:

• First symptom of _______

• Can be caused by:

Deglutition:

List the two phases of Deglutition and define them

• stomach acid regurgitates into esophagus

• gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• excess food, obesity, pregnancy, alcohol

swallowing

1. Buccal phase: voluntary contraction of tongue (food in mouth)

2. Pharyngeal-esophageal phase: involuntary phase that involves the vagus nerve

• What is the Pharyngeal-esophageal phase controlled by?

• Stomach:

• What does the stomach convert bolus to?

• Rugae:

• In the beginning, the stomach is responsible for ______ digestion

• vagus nerve, medulla

• storage tank that starts chemical breakdown

• chyme (liquid-solution)

• folds of tissue in stomach to help shrink and expand

• protein

Major Regions of the Stomach

Cardia:

Fundus:

Body:

Pylorus part:

Pyloric sphincter valve:

• where esophagus attacjes

• dome-shaped region around stomach

• middle portion

• lower end that joins with duodenum

• job is to act as a checkpoint for the food that is allowed to pass into the small intestine

What glands produce the most gastric juices?

Glands that help take down food in stomach

• Mucous Cells→ what does it produce/protect?

• Parietal Cells→ what is it responsible for and what does it secrete?

• Chief Cells→ what is it responsible for and what does it secrete?

• Enteroendocrine Cells→ What does it secrete?

Which of the 4 hormones does NOT have anything to do with gut movement?

• fundus

Glands that help take down food in stomach

• Produce bicarbonate-rich mucus and protects stomach lining from abrasion and acid

• Responsible for stomach acid and secretes HCL which breaks down protein and Intrinsic factor which absorbs vitamin b12

• Responsible for chemical digestion and secretes pepsinogen and lipases

• Serotonin→ gut movement & inflammation

• Gastrin→ GI movement & acid release

• Histamine→ regulates acid secretion

• Somatostatin→ reduces secretions & movement

Histamine

Mucosal barrier protects stomach and is created by what three factors?

1. layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus

2. tight junctions

3. damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaced

Gastritis:

Peptic/gastric ulcers

• effects?

• can lead to?

• what are most caused by?

• what type of drugs can it be caused by?

• inflammation of stomach lining

• erosions in stomach wall

• peritonitis and hemorrhage

• bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori)

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin

B12 is needed for red blood cells to mature in stomach wall, therefore lack of intrinsic factor causes _____ anemia

Emesis:

• Causes?

• Excessive emesis can lead to?

• What center of the medulla do these chemical and sensory impulses stimulate?

• pernicious

• vomiting

  • stretching, toxins, alcohol, spicy food

  • dehydration and alkalosis

  • emetic center

• The Liver, Gallbladder, & Pancreas help with what digestion? (stomach or small intestine)

  Whats the digestive function of each?

• Liver:

  • Bile:

• Gallbladder:

• Pancreas:

• small intestine

  Whats the digestive function of each?

• Liver: production of bile

  • Bile: allows fat to be easily digested

• Gallbladder: storage/concentration of bile

• Pancreas: supplies enzymes to digest chyme and bicarbonates for acid

What is the largest gland in the body that weighs 3 lbs?

What are the 4 primary lobes of the liver?

What does the Cystic duct connect to?

______ +______= common bile duct

Liver

right,left,caudate, and quadrate

gallbladder

Common Hepatic duct + Cystic duct= Common bile duct