SOC1500 Test 2

Policing

Activities maintaining security for public or private entities.

High Constables

Early municipal police in Upper Canada districts.

Night Watchman

Early security role in Quebec City.

Griffiths (2013) Definition

Policing involves legal actions for social order.

Municipal Policing

Local law enforcement managing community safety.

Impression Management

Controlling perceptions in policing interactions.

Public Contract

Agreement empowering policing by public entities.

Constables

Appointed citizens overseeing law enforcement duties.

Boards of Commissioners

Groups managing constables in Upper Canada.

Robert Peel

Founder of London Metropolitan Police in 1829.

Peel's 9 Principles

Guidelines emphasizing public cooperation and crime prevention.

Public Cooperation

Essential for effective law enforcement and order.

Crime Prevention

Primary mission of police forces globally.

Police Accountability

Responsibility of police to the public and law.

Public Favor

Police must maintain community support and trust.

Use of Force

Police may use force only when necessary.

Historic Tradition

Police are public servants, not above the public.

Industrialization

19th-century growth leading to urban crime increase.

Professionalization Calls

Early demands for improved police standards and ethics.

British North America Act, 1867

Established Canada and defined federal law enforcement.

RCMP

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, federal law enforcement agency.

North West Mounted Police

Established in 1873 for western settlement enforcement.

Technological Change

Advancements improving police efficiency and data management.

Civilian Employment

Increased civilian roles in policing since 1960s.

Female Officers

First recruited in 1913, significant growth since 1970s.

Police Services Boards

Civilian oversight bodies for municipal police accountability.

Special Investigations Unit

Provincial body investigating police misconduct in Ontario.

Impression Management

Goffman's concept of presenting oneself in social contexts.

Congruence

Alignment between appearance and actual behavior in policing.

Dramaturgy

Goffman's theory comparing life to theatrical performance.

Presentation of Self

How individuals present themselves socially.

Congruence

Alignment between appearance and expectations.

Deviance

Behavior that violates social norms.

Front Stage

Public persona presented to others.

Back Stage

Private self, away from public view.

Role Theory

Framework for understanding social roles and expectations.

Role Strain

Tension within a single role's expectations.

Role Conflict

Tension between different roles' expectations.

Salience Hierarchy

Ranking of roles by importance and commitment.

Law Enforcement

Primary police function, involves arrests and tickets.

Order Maintenance

Police role in maintaining public peace.

Social Workers

Police role providing emotional and systemic support.

Knowledge Workers

Police role involving data collection and analysis.

Impossible Mandate

Challenge of balancing multiple police responsibilities.

RCMP

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, federal policing agency.

OPP

Ontario Provincial Police, provincial law enforcement.

SQ

Sûreté du Québec, provincial police in Quebec.

RNC

Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, municipal police service.

Municipal Police

Local police organizations serving communities.

First Nations Policing

Self-administered police services for Indigenous communities.

Image Management

Strategies to maintain a positive public perception.

Police Authority

Legitimacy and power of police in society.

Modern Technology

Influences dynamics of police image and management.

Roles

Positions individuals occupy that shape identity.

Desirable Roles

Roles that individuals prefer and value highly.

Less Desirable Roles

Roles that individuals spend less time on.

Role Conflict

Tension arising from competing role expectations.

Police Stress

Anxiety experienced by police officers due to roles.

Ranganella & White (2004)

Study on motivations for becoming police officers.

NYC Recruits Study

Survey ranking reasons for joining police force.

Basic Criteria for Recruitment

Minimum requirements to apply for police service.

Outreach Methods

Strategies used to attract police recruits.

Constable Selection System

Assessment process for Ontario police applicants.

Psychological Screening

Evaluation to predict behavioral issues in recruits.

MMPI-2

Personality test used in police psychological screening.

Background Check

Investigation of applicant's personal and professional history.

Data Image

Perception of an applicant based on background check.

Police Academy Training

Formal education for aspiring police officers.

Paramilitary Structure

Hierarchical organization reflecting military-like discipline.

Tactical Skills

Practical abilities for handling law enforcement situations.

Community Policing Model

Focus on building relationships within the community.

Professional Model

Emphasis on law enforcement and crime fighting.

Police 'Service' Model

Focus on community service and problem-solving.

Training Concerns

Critiques regarding the effectiveness of police training.

Andragogy vs Pedagogy

Adult learning principles versus traditional teaching methods.

Soft Skills

Interpersonal skills emphasized in police 'Service' training.

Institutional inertia

Resistance to change within organizations or systems.

Paramilitary tradition

Cultural norms emphasizing military-style discipline and structure.

Masculine ideology

Beliefs prioritizing traditional male roles and characteristics.

Low probability, high impact risk

Events unlikely to occur but with severe consequences.

Training length

Duration required for effective skill acquisition.

Isolation

Separation from social interactions affecting mental health.

Maladaptive coping

Ineffective strategies for managing stress or trauma.

Consensus Perspective

Law reflects shared societal values and norms.

Conflict Perspective

Law serves the interests of the powerful.

Pluralist Perspective

Law evolves to reflect diverse societal changes.

Criminal Law

Legal framework governing crimes and punishments.

Substantive law

Defines rights and duties in legal contexts.

Procedural law

Regulates the process of legal proceedings.

Codified law

Statutes enacted by legislative bodies.

Uncodified law

Legal principles established through court decisions.

Constitutional Law

Governs rights and freedoms of citizens.

Oakes Test

Criteria for justifying limits on rights.

Case Law

Law developed through judicial decisions.

Administrative Law

Regulations created by governmental agencies.

Statute Law

Written laws passed by legislative bodies.

Adversarial System

Legal system where opposing parties present cases.

Supreme Court of Canada

Highest court in Canada, final appellate authority.

Justiciable Problems

Civil issues with legal dimensions needing resolution.

Conflict Perspective

Law serves powerful interests, not society's consensus.