Geology Final

Draw the Rock Cycle

Protolith Limestone

Marble

Protolith Conglomerate

Megaconglomerate

Protolith Sandstone

Quartzite

Protolith Shale

Slate

Protolith Slate

Phyllite

Protolith Phyllite

Schist

Protolith Schist

Gneiss

Protolith Gneiss

Migmatite

High energy

 Bigger pieces, conglomerate and sandstone

Low energy

Smaller pieces, siltstone and shale

Shallow Marine is high energy

Biogenic limestone

Deep Marine is low energy

Shale

Beach/barrier island/delta is high energy

Sandstone

Tidal Flat is moderate energy

Siltstone

Lagoon is low energy

Shale

Fluvial (streams and rivers) is various energy

Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone

Eolian (wind blown) is high energy

Sandstone

Lacustrine (lakes) is low energy

Shale

Glacial is various energy

All clastic type

Big cross bedding

Eolian, dunes

Small cross bedding

Fluvial

Phaneritic

Can see

Aphanitic

Can’t see

Phaneritic and Felsic

Granite

Phaneritic and Intermediate

Diorite

Phaneritic and Mafic

Gabroo

Aphanitic and Felsic

Rhyolite

Aphanitic and Intermediate

Andesite

Aphanitic and Mafic

Basalt

Zone of leaching 

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* O-horizon- 99% organic- mostly organic material including decomposing leaves twigs organism, usually dark brown or black 
* A-horizon- 50%-50% contains both organic and mineral material  light brown to brown and is part of zone of leaching
* E-horizon- 99% mineral NO IRON contains almost all mineral with the execution of iron bearing minerals, light tan part of zone of leaching

Zone of accumulation

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* B-horizon- Clay, iron oxides, etc form the zone of leaching contains mineral material enriched in clay, iron oxides, silica, carbonate or other material from the zone of leaching, but is in the zone of accumulation 
* C-horizon- (partially weathered parent material)partially altered (weathered) parent material 
* R-horizon- (unweathered parent material)

Superposition

The sediment deposited first will be on the bottom, lower sediments are older (Only works for sedimentary rocks)

Original Horizontality

Rocks start horizontal, Sediment is originally laid down flat (Only works for sedimentary rocks)

Original Continuity

Rocks originally deposited in a continuous sheet (taking a slice of a cake)

Crosscutting relationships

If the rock cuts into the other rock, the rock that was cut into is older

Inclusions

If a rock contains fragments of another rock it has to be younger than the rock it has fragments of

Faunal succession

Certain organisms came before other organisms

Baked Contacts

Igneous rocks “cooks” other rocks around it

Geologic time

The term implies extremely long duration or remoteness in the past, although no precise limits can be set

Eons

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* Hadean (Earth formation through the end of LHB)
* 4.6-3.8
* Archean (End of LHB through Beginning of Great Oxygenation Event)
* 3.8-2.5
* Proterozoic (Great Oxygenation Event through First Complex Life)
* 2.5-.5
* Phanerozoic (Complex Life through Today)

Precambrian

The term used for all the eons before complex life

Eras

Based on evolution of complex life (during the Phanerozoic) 

Youngest to oldest: 

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* Paleozoic  
* 541-252 
* Mesozoic  
* 252-66 
* Cenozoic  
* 66-today

Unconformities

An erosional or non-depositional surface that:  

* Separates two rock masses or strata 
* Have different ages 
* Indicates that sediment deposition was not continuous 
* (aka. a gap of time not recorded in the rock)

Types of Unconformities

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1. Angular Unconformity 
2. Disconformity 
3. Nonconformity

*Principle of Superposition*

In a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, each layer of rock is older than the layer above it and younger than the rock layer below it 

Principle of Crosscutting Relationships

If a fault or other body or rock cuts through another body of rock then it must be younger in age than the rock through which it cuts and displaces 

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* Hadean

* (Earth formation through the end of LHB)
* 4.6-3.8

* Archean

* (End of LHB through Beginning of Great Oxygenation Event)
* 3.8-2.5

* Proterozoic

* (Great Oxygenation Event through First Complex Life)
* 2.5-.5

Phanerozoic

(Complex Life through Today)

Paleozoic

541-252

Mesozoic

252-66

Cenozoic

66-today

What is a Half-life?

The exact amount of time that passes when exactly ½ of the atoms in a group of similarly- aged atoms experience radioactive decay.

Lithosphere

0

cool, brittle, rigid

Asthenosphere

100

hot, plastic, weak

Mesosphere

300

hot, plastic, strong

Outer Core

2900

liquid

Inner Core

5000

solid

Do the tectonic plates quiz

https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en/vgp/3253

When was the big bang?

13\.8 million years ago

When was the solar system formed?

4\.6 million years ago

When was the supernova?

7 BA

The universe are composed of

superclusters

The superclusters are composed of

clusters

Clusters are composed of

galaxies

Galaxies are composed of

stars

Divergent Margins earthquakes

Small, Frequent, shallow

Divergent Margins crust

New Oceanic Crust Formed

Divergent Margins volcanoes?

Yes there are volcanoes

Formed in oceanic- oceanic divergent

Mid-ocean Ridges

Formed in continental-continental Divergent

Rift Valleys

East African Rift

Transform crusts

No new crust formed

Transform earthquakes

Small to moderate, frequent, shallow

Transform volcanoes?

No volcanism

Transform Margin example

San Andreas Fault system

Convergent Margin crust

New continental crust formed

Convergent Margin earthquakes

Small to large, infrequent, shallow to deep

Convergent Margin volcanoes?

There is volcanoes

Ocean- oceanic Convergent margins

Volcanic Island arcs

ex. Japan, Aleutian Islands

continental- continental convergent margins

Extreme Mountain building

ex. Himalayas

Earthquake

A sudden motion or trembling in the earth caused by abrupt release of slowly accumulated strain. 

Stress

The force per unit area acting on any surface within or on a solid. Expressed typically as kg/cm2.

Strain

Change in the shape or volume of a body as a result of stress.

Benioff Zone

A dipping planar (flat) zone of earthquakes that is produced by the interaction of a downgoing oceanic crustal plate with a continental plate.

Fit of continents

Continents ‘fit together’

Fossils

Similar fossils on different continents

Similar Rock types on different continents

Chemically identical rocks

Paleoclimate Evidence

Evidence of glaciers in Africa and India

Magnetic Seafloor Anomalies

Noise in magnetic mapping for metallic submarines, the noise is magnetic seafloor stripes

Seafloor topography

linear features of the seafloor follow predicted paths of plate motion and boundaries

Age of oceanic crust

absolute age dating of seafloor rocks

Location of earthquakes

Earthquakes appear to be non-random

Location of Volcanoes

non random, follow a pattern. Sometimes line up with earthquakes

Normal Faults

Extension

Reverse Faults

Compression

Strike Slip

Shear

3 Phases in Faulting

Initial Relaxed State (No stress)

Stressed State (Buildup of stress to the material)

Release (Stress is converted to strain) 

Body Waves

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Seismic (earthquake) energy that flows through the Earth 

* Fast, Arrives First, Small Energy