AQA Geography A-level Contemporary Urban Environments - Glossary Flashcards

Flashcards for AQA Geography A-level Contemporary Urban Environments glossary of definitions.

Accessibility

How easy it is to travel to a place or interact with an individual.

Agriculture Based Regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to help local farms produce extra revenue such as creating farm shops or local farm attractions.

Amenity Value

The value of a resource to locals and businesses (beaches, timber, coal).

Built Environment

The buildings and infrastructure within an urban area.

Capital

Productive assets, goods or financial stakes.

Central Business District (CBD)

The centre of a city, containing a high density of businesses and TNC headquarters.

Council Estate

Consisting only of social housing, with tenants on subsidised rent.

Counter Urbanisation

An increase in the proportion of a population living within rural areas, due to migration from urban to rural regions.

Cultural Enrichment

The addition of ideas, traditions and beliefs due to the arrival of new people.

Cultural Erosion

The loss of a culture, resulting in a change in ideas or disregard for traditions.

Culture

The way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time, generally customs and beliefs.

Culture-led Regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to enhance historic or cultural attractions of an area (e.g., stately homes).

Cycle of Deprivation

A negative multiplier effect, whereby deindustrialisation leads to economic loss and declining quality of life.

Degeneration

The decline of a region over time, due to insufficient funds, outward migration and declining quality of life for residents.

Deindustrialisation

A reduction in industrial capacity, leading to social and economic change within a region.

Demographic

The characteristics of a population.

Deprivation

Individuals’ lack basic services or objects they would expect to have in the 21st Century.

Dereliction

The loss of industry or productivity of a land, leaving it abandoned.

Diversity

Variation within a population, in their characteristics, background and behaviour.

Elite Migrants

Migration due to an individual’s wealth or status, often investing in the host country.

Environmental Impact Assessment

The study of environmental impacts caused by large business projects.

Environmental Regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to restore and maintain natural environments such as woodlands and national parks.

Ethnicity

The cultural background of a group of people, often based on religion or country of origin.

Gated Communities

Urban neighbourhoods surrounded by gates often to improve privacy and safety; can add to segregation.

Gentrification

Renovation of older/deteriorating buildings or areas with the aim of attracting high-income individuals or elite businesses.

Green Belt

Strips of greenfield land surrounding major UK cities, protected to try to reduce urban sprawl.

Governance

The management of a place or group of people.

Hard Regeneration

Construction of new buildings and infrastructure and investment within a region.

Idyll

A location with ideal living conditions and good qualities, often based on perception.

Inequality

Differences in income, well-being and wealth between individuals, communities and society.

Internal Migration

The movement of people within a country.

International Migration

The movement of people from one country to another.

Kuznet’s Curve

A graph describing environmental degradation as a country’s GDP per capita increases.

Leisure-led Regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to attract tourists or improve the social quality of life.

Life-cycle Stage

The change in opinions and values at different stages of an individual’s life.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual is likely to live, determined at birth.

Lived Experience

The contribution of experiences and opportunities to an individual’s views and values.

Media

The publishing of information and production of entertainment (e.g. BBC, local newspapers).

Multicultural

The existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single geographic area.

Non-Agricultural Based Regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to produce revenue for rural businesses (e.g. Tea Rooms, Paintballing).

Overheating

Increased demand for housing and the services of an area results in rising prices rather than increased output.

Perception

A person’s view of a place or issue based on feelings, experience and outside forces such as the media.

Political Engagement

The willingness and ability of an individual to vote or join political parties or pressure groups.

Pressure Group

Organizations that aim to persuade the public and change government policy.

Population Density

The number of people per square kilometre.

Rebranding

Creating a new look or reputation for an area.

Regional Disparity

The economic (or cultural) gap between different parts of a country.

Retail-led Regeneration

The focus of regeneration is to attract shops to high streets and markets.

Reimaging

Regeneration and rebranding specifically focussed on removing negative perceptions about a place.

Rural Decline

Reduction in population in rural areas, leading to reduced services and government spending for that region.

Rural-urban Continuum

A range of living spaces running from remotest peripheral rural villages to the CBD of the city.

Segregation

The separation of a group from other groups this can be through force or voluntarily.

Sink Estates

Council estates that score badly on the Index of Multiple Deprivation.

Spiral of Decline

Stages of rural decline that contribute to a positive feedback loop, with more and more outward migration and increasingly declining services.

Stakeholder

An individual with interest and influence within their community (residents, local businesses).

Social Clustering

Groups of people with similar background frequently living together.

Social Exclusion

The inability of a group of people to become involved in the cultural activities of a place.

Soft Regeneration

Investing in the skills and education of the population to improve their own quality of life.

Urbanisation

An increase in the proportion of a population living within urban areas.

Urban Resurgence

The movement of people back to an area which was previously in decline; improves social, economic and environmental conditions.