slhs 5370 phonological processes

phonology

the study of speech sounds in language

natural phonology theory

a theory that explain the typical development of a child's phonological system

- assumes the patterns of speech are governed by a universal set of phonological processes

- processes are natural in all phonological systems

normal

the natural phonology theory states that phonological processes are _____ as kids are developing

phonological process

a systematic sound change that affects classes of sounds or sound sequences

- a difficult aspect of phonology is converted into something that is phonologically similar but less difficult to produce

syllable structure processes

phonological processes that affect syllable structure through deletion or addition of phonemes or syllables

substitution processes

phonological processes involving the substitution of one sound for another

- can affect place, manner, voicing

assimilation processes

phonological processes where sounds within a word are changed so that they require less articulatory movement

consonant deletion

syllable structure process

- a consonant is dropped somewhere in the word

syllable deletion

syllable structure process

- one or more syllables in a word is dropped

- typically an unstressed syllable

cluster reduction

syllable structure process

- reducing or simplifying a consonant cluster

reduplication

syllable structure process

- reduces the complexity of adult words by reducing the number or type of consonants

- "baby talk"

epenthesis

syllable structure process

- a segment, usually a schwa, is inserted into a word

- also encompasses consonant addition

metathesis

syllable structure process

- reversing or swapping the position of two consonants in a word

- typical, but uncommon in English-speaking children

fronting

substitution process

- substituted sound is produced anterior to the standard production (toward the front of mouth)

velar fronting

substitution process

- change in place of articulation

- velar sound produced as alveolar sound

palatal fronting

substitution process

- palatal sound produced as alveolar sound

backing

substitution process

- substituted sound is produced posterior to the standard production (toward the back of the mouth)

labialization

substitution process

- replacing a nonlabial sound with a labial one /p, b, m, w, f, v/

alveolarization

substitution process

- replacing a non-alveolar sound with an alveolar sound /t, d, n, l, s, z/

stopping

substitution process

- stop sound /p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ/ replaces another consonant

gliding

substitution process

- a liquid becomes a glide

stridency deletion

substitution process

- deleting stridency from a strident consonant /s, z, f, v, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ either through deletion or replacement

deaffrication

substitution process

- when an affricate becomes a fricative

- stop feature deleted, stridency retained

affrication

substitution process

- when a fricative becomes an affricate

derhotacization

substitution process

- the loss of r-coloring for the consonant /ɹ/ and rhotacized central vowels

vocalization

substitution process

- replacing word-final liquid /ɹ/ or a word-final syllabic liquid with a vowel

denasalization

substitution process

- a nasal is substituted by a stop consonant with the same place of articulation

- /m/ becomes /b/

- /n/ becomes /d/

- /ŋ/ becomes /g/

liquidization

substitution process

- changing a non-liquid consonant to a liquid consonant

frication

substitution process

- replacing an approximant with a fricative

glottal replacement

substitution process

- consonants replaced by a glottal stop

- marks the place of a consonant that is not articulated

- often heard with kids who have severe speech sound disorders

voicing

substitution process

- adding voicing to a voiceless target sound

- more resistant to therapy

devoicing

substitution process

- removing voicing from a voiced target sound

backing

substitution process

- producing a front vowel as a back vowel

fronting

substitution process

- producing a back vowel as a front vowel

centralization

substitution process

- producing a front or back vowel as a central vowel

decentralization

substitution process

- producing a central vowel as a front or back vowel

raising

substitution process

- altering vowel production by raising the vowel height

lowering

substitution process

- altering vowel production by lowering the vowel height

diphthongization

substitution process

- producing a monophthong as a diphthong

monophthongization

substitution process

- producing a diphthong as a monophthong

nasalization

substitution process

- producing a nasalized vowel when it is not next to a nasal consonant

labial assimilation

assimilation process

- changing a nonlabial sound into a labial sound under the influence of a neighboring dominant labial sound

velar assimilation

assimilation process

- changing a nonvelar sound into a velar sound under the influence of a neighboring dominant velar sound

total assimilation

type of assimilation in which the changing sound becomes identical to the other sound

alveolar assimilation

assimilation process

- the influence of a dominant alveolar on a non-alveolar sound

nasal assimilation

assimilation process

- the influence of a dominant nasal on a non-nasal sound

liquid assimilation

assimilation process

- the influence of a dominant liquid on a non-liquid sound

idiosyncratic processes

a phonological process that is not typical of the speech behavior of a normally developing child

- often red flags for atypical speech development

- any unusual pattern that occurs consistently but is not an identified process

interacting processes

two or more phonologic processes that interact to change a phoneme production

- very common

interfering processes

a phonological process that blocks or prevents another process from occurring

- cluster reduction can block potential gliding of r

- weak syllable deletion can block potential gliding of l

- final consonant deletion can block potential denasalization

most

during their first year, children use ___ phonological processes

1.5, 2

between _._ to __ years, children commonly use final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, velar fronting, stopping, gliding, voicing, and assimilation

- reduplication declines

3, 5

between __ to __ years, children commonly use final consonant deletion, weak syllable deletion, cluster reduction, fronting, stopping, deaffrication, gliding

- reduplication and voicing are rare

denasalization

the earliest suppressed phonological process

consonant cluster substitution

the latest suppressed phonological process