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APUSH Period 1 (1491–1607)

Pre-Columbian Societies: Diverse Native American societies adapted to their environments; e.g., Pueblo in the Southwest used irrigation, Great Plains tribes were nomadic due to buffalo reliance.

Columbian Exchange: Transatlantic trade of crops, animals, people, and disease; maize and potatoes to Europe, horses and smallpox to Americas.

Encomienda System: Spanish labor system that granted colonists the right to native labor in exchange for Christianizing them.

Spanish Caste System: Hierarchical racial system placing peninsulares at the top, followed by criollos, mestizos, and indigenous/African peoples.

Justifications for Colonization: Religion (Christian conversion), gold, and glory; led to debate over Native treatment (e.g., Las Casas vs. Sepúlveda).

APUSH Period 2 (1607–1754)

Jamestown (1607): First permanent English settlement; struggled early but thrived due to tobacco cultivation.

Puritans & New England Colonies: Settled for religious freedom; emphasized town meetings, education, and moral society.

Middle Colonies: Economically diverse; religious pluralism (e.g., Quakers in Pennsylvania).

Southern Colonies: Plantation economies; relied heavily on enslaved labor (e.g., rice, indigo, tobacco).

Transatlantic Trade: Triangular trade system; raw goods from colonies, manufactured goods from Europe, slaves from Africa.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Frontier conflict in Virginia led elites to favor African slavery over indentured servants.

First Great Awakening: Religious revival; emotional sermons, increased individualism, challenged traditional clergy.

APUSH Period 3 (1754–1800)

French and Indian War (1754–63): British victory expanded territory but created debt; led to new taxes on colonists.

Proclamation of 1763: Banned settlement west of Appalachians; angered colonists.

Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act: Examples of taxation without representation; sparked protest and boycotts.

Declaration of Independence (1776): Based on Enlightenment ideals; listed grievances against King George III.

Revolutionary War: Turning point = Saratoga; end = Treaty of Paris 1783.

Articles of Confederation: Weak national government; couldn’t tax or enforce laws.

Constitution (1787): Replaced Articles; included checks and balances, federalism, and separation of powers.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Debated Constitution; Bill of Rights added to secure ratification.

APUSH Period 4 (1800–1848)

Election of 1800: Peaceful transition of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Louisiana Purchase (1803): Doubled U.S. size; Jefferson used loose construction.

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established judicial review.

Market Revolution: Shift to manufacturing, transportation (canals, railroads), and communication (telegraph).

Second Great Awakening: Religious revival spurred social reforms (abolition, temperance, women’s rights).

Jacksonian Democracy: Expanded suffrage to all white males; opposed national bank.

Indian Removal Act (1830): Forced relocation of tribes; Trail of Tears.

Reform Movements: Education (Horace Mann), asylum reform (Dix), Seneca Falls Convention (1848).

APUSH Period 5 (1844–1877)

Manifest Destiny: Belief in U.S. right to expand westward; led to conflict with Mexico and Native Americans.

Mexican-American War (1846–48): Resulted in Mexican Cession (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo).

Compromise of 1850: California = free, stricter Fugitive Slave Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): Allowed popular sovereignty; led to Bleeding Kansas.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857): Ruled slaves were property; invalidated Missouri Compromise.

Election of 1860: Lincoln’s win led to Southern secession.

Civil War (1861–65): Union vs. Confederacy; Emancipation Proclamation redefined war goals.

Reconstruction (1865–77): 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments; resistance via Black Codes and KKK.

Compromise of 1877: Ended Reconstruction; removed federal troops from South.

APUSH Period 6 (1865–1898)

Gilded Age: Industrialization, urbanization, and income inequality.

Monopolies/Trusts: Rockefeller (oil), Carnegie (steel); vertical and horizontal integration.

Labor Movements: Knights of Labor, AFL; major strikes (Pullman, Homestead).

New Immigrants: Came from Southern/Eastern Europe; faced nativism (Chinese Exclusion Act).

Political Machines: Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed; helped immigrants in exchange for votes.

Westward Expansion: Homestead Act (1862), transcontinental railroad; led to Native conflicts (Wounded Knee).

Dawes Act (1887): Assimilation policy for Native Americans; broke up tribal lands.