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Eukaryotic Organisms
Organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protoctists with distinct characteristics such as multicellularity, presence or absence of chloroplasts, cell walls, and storage of carbohydrates.
Prokaryotic Organisms
Microscopic single-celled organisms like bacteria lacking a true nucleus but containing DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and plasmids.
Pathogen
Disease-causing agents including fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses that infect living organisms and reproduce inside host cells.
Cell Differentiation
Process where unspecialized cells become specialized for specific functions in the body.
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
Processes by which substances move into and out of cells through concentration gradients or cellular energy.
Photosynthesis
Process in plants converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
Balanced Diet
Diet containing appropriate proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water, and dietary fiber for optimal health.
Respiration
Cellular process producing ATP energy through aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
Gas Exchange
Process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in organisms through specialized structures like alveoli in humans and stomata in plants.
Urine Composition
Urine is composed of water, urea, and ions.
Urea
A waste product produced by the liver as it breaks down proteins.
Ions in Urine
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride found in urine.
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