Chapter 7 & 8: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Axial skeleton

Includes skull, vertebral column and bony thorax

Bones in the axial skeleton

80

Hyoid

The only bone not connected to another bone in the body

Middle ear

Consists of 3 ossicles

Skull

Consists of 22 bones

Vertebral column

Contains 26 vertebra, including the sacrum and the coccyx

Thoracic cage

Consists of the ribs, and the sternum

Appendicular skeleton

126 bones

Mandible

The only mobile bone of the skull

Orbits

Eyeballs are contained in the orbits of the skull

Nasal cavity

Divided by the nasal septum

Nasal septum

Contains the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the lower vomer

Inferior conchae

Largest set of bony projections appear on the lateral wall

Middle conchae

Set above the inferior conchae

Zygomatic arch

Consist of two bones, zygomatic or the apple of the cheek and temporal

Calvaria

Skull cap

Parietal plate

Pair of bones on the upper lateral side of the skull

Temporal plate

Paired and either side of the skull. The plates were named because of thie graying of the hair in this area occurs first

Mastoid process

Can be felt on the side of the head just behind the earlobe

Frontal bone

Single bone located anterior and contains the forehead

Glabella

The slight depression between eyebrows

Occipital bone

Also a single bone in the posterior skull

Superior nuchal line

The area that forms the nape of the neck

Foramen magnum

The brainstem becomes the spinal cord once it passes through the foramen magnum

Ethmoid bone

Contains the sella turcica or the home for the pituitary gland in the hypophyseal fossa, when the brain is in the skull

Maxillary bone

The upper lip or upper jaw

Palatine bone

A pair of bones that contain the hard palate or the roof of the mouth

Paranasal sinuses

Occupy air-filled spaces that can contain mucous mucosa

C1

articulates with the skull

C2

articulates superiorly with C1

Cervical vertebra number

7

Thoracic vertebra number

12

Lumbar vertebra number

5

sacrum

contains 5 of fused vertebrae

coccyx

contains 4 fused vertebrae

vertebral foramen

The large opening between the vertebral arch and body which will contain the spinal cord.

spinal nerves

travel through the intervertebral foramen when the vertebrae are aligned together

spinous process

What you feel when you run your fingers down the middle of someone's back

superior and inferior articular processes

Vertebrae articulate with each other

Transverse processes

paired and project laterally from each vertebrae

cervical vertebrae

have transverse foramen

Thoracic

Vertebrae that have a "giraffe" appearance due to the elongated downward facing spinous process

12

number of thoracic vertebrae in an adult human

Lumbar vertebrae

have a "moose" appearance due to shorter spinous processes and larger centrum or body

sternum

broken down into 3 major parts

manubrium

wider and the superior portion of the sternum

body

central portion of the sternum which receives the most force during chest compression while administering CPR

xiphoid process

easily broken if CPR is not administered correctly

7

number of pairs of true ribs

5

number of pairs of false ribs

2

number of pairs of floating ribs

True ribs

connected to the sternum via hyaline connective tissue

neural tube

primitive structure during embryonic development that forms the brain and spinal cord

Scapula

Bone of the pectoral girdle.

Coracoid process

Part of the scapula.

Acromion process

Part of the scapula.

Spine

Part of the scapula.

Supraspinous fossa

Part of the scapula.

Infraspinous fossa

Part of the scapula.

Glenoid fossa (cavity)

Part of the scapula.

Subscapular fossa

Part of the scapula.

Suprascapular notch

Part of the scapula.

Vertebral (medial) border

Part of the scapula.

Axillary (lateral) border

Part of the scapula.

Inferior angle

Part of the scapula.

Superior angle

Part of the scapula.

Clavicle

Bone of the pectoral girdle.

Acromial (lateral) end

Part of the clavicle.

Sternal (medial) end

Part of the clavicle.

Humerus

Bone of the upper limb.

Radius

Bone of the upper limb.

Ulna

Bone of the upper limb.

Carpals

8 bones in each wrist.

Metacarpals

5 bones forming the palm of each hand.

Phalanges

14 bones forming the fingers of each hand.

Proximal phalanx

Part of the phalanges.

Middle phalanx

Part of the phalanges (not present in the pollex).

Distal phalanx

Part of the phalanges.

Pelvic girdle (os coxae)

Bone of the appendicular skeleton.

Ilium

Part of the pelvic girdle.

Iliac crest

Part of the ilium.

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Part of the ilium.

Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

Part of the ilium.

Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

Part of the ilium.

Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)

Part of the ilium.

Iliac fossa

Part of the ilium.

Sacroiliac joint

Part of the ilium (only present in articulated skeleton).

Greater sciatic notch

Part of the ilium.

Ischium

Part of the pelvic girdle.

Ischial spine

Part of the ischium.

Lesser sciatic notch

Part of the ischium.

Ischial tuberosity

Part of the ischium.

Pubis

Part of the pelvic girdle.

Pubic rami

Part of the pubis.

Pubic symphysis

Part of the pubis.

Obturator foramen

Part of the pubis.

Acetabulum (acetabular fossa)

Hip socket.

Femur

Bone of the lower limb.

Patella

Bone of the lower limb.

Tibia

Bone of the lower limb.