HBS Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering topics from the HBS Study Guide, including bones, muscles, the nervous system, the endocrine system, the cardiopulmonary system, the urinary system, and the digestive system.

What is the difference between directional and regional terms?

Directional terms describe the position of anatomical structures, and regional terms specify anatomical landmarks.

What are the four main tissue types and how does structure relate to function?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Their structure enables them to perform specific functions such as protection, support, movement, and communication.

What are the key structures of compact and spongy bone?

Osteons (Haversian systems). Spongy bone consists of trabeculae.

What type of tissue is bone classified as (and primary function)?

Bone is classified as connective tissue. Its primary function is to provide support and structure to the body.

Why is the pelvis often the first bone forensic anthropologists look to in determining sex?

The pelvis is often used to determine sex due to its distinct structural differences between males and females.

How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts assist with bone remodeling?

Osteoblasts build bone, while osteoclasts break down bone.

What is bone remodeling and its relationship with blood calcium levels?

Bone remodeling is the process of bone being broken down and reformed. It is related to blood calcium levels as bone releases calcium into the blood and absorbs calcium from the blood.

Describe the three types of muscle tissue.

Skeletal muscle: Striated, voluntary, attached to bones, for movement. Smooth muscle: Non-striated, involuntary, in the walls of internal organs, for various functions. Cardiac muscle: Striated, involuntary, in the heart, for pumping blood.

What is the equation for the breakdown of ATP and the release of energy?

ATP -> ADP + Pi + Energy

Draw a diagram of a muscle showcasing the layers.

diagram of a muscle that showcases the different layers of fibers and tissue

What function do intercostal muscles have?

Intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and are involved in breathing.

What is an EMG? How does it differ from an EKG?

An EMG measures electrical activity of muscles. An EKG measures electrical activity of the heart.

Describe fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Fibrous joints: Immovable or slightly movable. Cartilaginous joints: Slightly movable. Synovial joints: Freely movable.

What is muscle origin and insertion?

Muscle origin is the fixed attachment point, and insertion is the movable attachment point. This tells us about the muscle's action.

What is ROM? How can analyzing ROM help?

Range of Motion. Analyzing ROM helps diagnose and treat musculoskeletal disorders.

What is HIPAA?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. It grants patients rights regarding their health information.

What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord.

What is the basic structure and function of the neuron?

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.

How are electrical signals created and transmitted in the human body?

Electrical signals are created and transmitted by the movement of ions across the cell membrane of a neuron.

What is a neurotransmitter?

Neurotransmitters are chemical signals that transmit information between neurons.

What is a hormone?

Hormones are chemical signals used by the endocrine system to communicate.

How do feedback loops regulate hormones?

Feedback loops help regulate hormone action by maintaining homeostasis.

What do you notice about the width of an artery wall versus the width of a vein wall? Why does this make sense given the function of the vessels? Capillaries function in gas exchange. Describe at least two ways capillary structure is related to this function.

Artery walls are thicker due to higher pressure. Capillaries facilitate gas exchange through their thin walls and large surface area.

Describe alveoli and bronchioles.

Alveoli are air sacs where gas exchange occurs, and bronchioles are small airways that lead to alveoli.

Describe lung volume in terms that make up your Total Lung Capacity.

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume.

What can spirometry assess?

Spirometry can assess lung function and diagnose respiratory conditions.

What are peak flow values? What do they tell us?

Peak flow values indicate the maximum speed of expiration.

What are the different agents of disease? How do humans become infected by each?

Different agents of disease include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Humans become infected through various routes like contact, ingestion, or inhalation.

What is an antigen?

An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response.

What is an antibody?

An antibody is a protein that binds to specific antigens.

What are the main structures of the urinary system? What is the function of each of these structures?

The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood, ureters transport urine, the bladder stores urine, and the urethra excretes urine.

Explain the process of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. What is GFR?

Filtration: Movement of fluid and solutes from blood into the nephron. Reabsorption: Movement of substances from the nephron back into the blood. Secretion: Movement of substances from the blood into the nephron. GFR is the glomerular filtration rate.

What are the functions of the digestive system?

The functions of the digestive system include chemically and mechanically digesting food, absorbing water and nutrients, and removing wastes.

How do enzymes assist the process of digestion?

Enzymes assist digestion by breaking down macromolecules into smaller molecules.