Science Olympiad Anatomy Respiratory System

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs

inspiration

breathing in; active process

expiration

breathing out; passive process

external respiration

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood

internal respiration

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

guard hairs; vibrissae

guard nostrils and ear canals

nasal cilia

hair in nose; propel trapped particles towards the throat for digestion by

digestive enzymes

Function of capillaries in nose

warm the inspired air

Nasal conchae

folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air

contacts the mucous membranes

Olfactory mucosa

mucous membranes that contain smell receptors

Respiratory mucosa

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete

mucus

goblet cells

secrete mucus

Mucus function

Stickiness traps inhaled particles and Lysozyme kills bacteria

Lysozyme

an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria

Lymphocytes and IgA antibodies

protect against bacteria

lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

IgA antibodies

causes phagocytosis by WBCs and prevent pathogens from adhering to mucous membranes

Pharynx

throat

3 regions of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

air passage (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

Oropharynx

passageway for air, food, and drink (stratified squamous epithelium)

Laryngopharynx

passageway for air, food, and drink (stratified squamous epithelium)

Larynx

Voice box

Larynx function

Keeps food and drink out of the airway

Sound production

Acts as a sphincter during abdominal straining (ex. During defecation and heavy lifting)

hyaline cartilage

form outer framework of larynx- 9- C rings

Glottis

the superior opening of the larynx

Epiglottis

prevents food and drink from entering airway when swallowing

False vocal cords

aid in closing the glottis when swallowing

True vocal cords

produce sound when air passes between them

Trachea

Wind pipe

Trachea functions

Air passageway

Cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium of trachea

traps inhaled debris and propels mucus up to the pharynx where it

is swallowed

Bronchi

Solely an air passageway

Left and right primary bronchi branch from?

trachea

alveoli

site of gas exchange in lungs

Type I alveolar cells

allow for diffusion of

gases (simple squamous epithelia)

Type II alveolar cells

secrete surfactant

(simple cuboidal epithelia)

Dust cells

alveolar macrophages (leukocytes)

macrophage

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body; engulf

Left Lung structure

Divided into 2 lobes; Smaller than the right lung because the cardiac notch accommodates the

heart

Right Lung structure

Divided into 3 lobes

Serous membrane

Cover entire surface of lungs

Boyle's law

at constant temperature, the

pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Charles' Law

the volume of

a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature As the inhaled air is warmed, it

expands and inflates the lungs.

Air flow into lungs?

Air flows into the lungs when the thoracic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure.

phrenic nerves

Cause the the diaphragm to move downward and flatten for air flow

Pulmonary compliance

the ease at which lungs expand. Compliance can be reduced by

degenerative lung disease, such as tuberculosis.

Type of muscle that controls diameter of bronchioles

smooth muscle

Bronchoconstriction

reduce airflow

Bronchodialation

increase airflow

Location of Respiratory control centers

pons and the medulla

oblongata

transmits sensory signals to the respiratory centers

Vagus nerve

Inflation reflex

prevents the lungs from over-inflating

Apnea

temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath

Eupnea

Normal, relaxed, quiet breathing

Hyperpnea

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

Hyperventilation

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

Hypoventilation

reduced pulmonary ventilation

Orthopnea

Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down

Respiratory arrest

permanent cessation of breathing

Tachypnea

accelerated respiration

spirometer

determines respiratory volume

Tidal Volume (TV)

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

(500 mL)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

amount of air that can be inhaled during forced breathing in

addition to resting tidal volume (3000 to 3300 mL)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

amount of air that can be exhaled during forced breathing in

addition to tidal volume (1000 to 1200 mL)

Residual Volume - (RV)

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation. (1200

mL)

Respiratory Capacities

values determined by adding two or more of the respiratory volumes

Vital Capacity (VC)

maximum amount of air that can be expired after taking the deepest breath

possible (4500 to 5000 mL) VC = TV + IRV + ERV

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of

resting tidal volume IC = TV + IRV

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation

of resting volume FRC = ERV + RV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

total volume of air that the lungs can hold (5700 to 6200 mL (cm3)

for adults and 2690 to 3600 mL for Junior High Youth)

§ TLC = VC + RV

Boyles Law

P1V1 = P2 V2

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation

asthma

allergens trigger the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals that cause

intense bronchoconstriction

Emphysema

alveolar walls break down and the surface area of the lungs is reduced

Pneumonia

lower respiratory infection that causes fluid build up in the lungs

Sleep apnea

Cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or longer during sleep

Cystic Fibrosis

an inherited disorder that causes causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the

lungs

Tuberculosis

pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; reduces lung compliance

Pulmonary edema

excess fluid in the lungs

Pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura lining surrounding the lungs - very painful

Lung cancer

malignancy of pulmonary tissue

Hypoxia

deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygen

Oxygen toxicity

excess oxygen, causing the build up of peroxides and free radicals

Chronic bronchitis

cilia are immobilized and reduced in number; goblet cells increase their

production of mucus → mucus clogs the airways and breeds infection

Acute rhinitis

the common cold

Laryngitis

inflammation of the vocal folds