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Sculpture
Is the art of fashioning figures of wood, clay, plastics, metal, stones, etc. they are the figures that are carved, cut, or modeled from such materials.
sculpere
to carve
Sculpture
a three-dimensional art form that provides an important visual way of understanding form and space.
one of its main functions is to make us aware of our environment, our space within it and our special connection and relationship within this shared space
Some prefer wood like interior church sculptures
Some favored stone especially marble like the Venus de Milo
There are those who prefer clay, plaster, or even paper mache.
There are also malleable materials such as bronze
materials in making sculpture
additive process
whereby material is added again and again to build up the form as in clay
subtractive process
whereby removal or subtracting of materials to create the form as in carving
carving (subtractive method)
this process has been known to date from prehistoric times. it is time consuming and a very painstaking process.
the process in which the artist subtracts, or cuts away, superfluous material until the desired form is reached. (USUALLY WOOD OR STONE)
modeling (additive method)
this process mainly consists of addition to, or building up of, form. (clay, malleable metal)
casting
This is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually) poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
construction and assemblage
This method had its origin in collage, a painting technique devised by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, a French Artist in 1912.
relief sculpture
sculpture in the round
assemblage
kinds of sculpture
relief sculpture
a raised form or forms that projects from a background or a surface.
low-relief
alos bas relief or basso - relievo; projecting figure is closer to the surface and no part is entirely detached from the background
high-relief
also haut relief or alto - relievo; figure may almost be detached from the surface
half-relief
demi relief or mezzo - relievo; between low and high relief
crushed relief
relievo sticciatio; the lowest degree or relief in which the projection barely excess the thickness of a sheet of paper
hollow relief
carvo relievo; a relief in reverse, in which all the carving lies within a hollowed-out area below the surface plane
sculpture in the round
a freestanding sculpture and is often on a pedestal or a base.
seen from many directions and angles, and must be fully developed from all points of view
statue
representationalist sculpture depicting a specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or object
bust
representation of a person from chest up
equestrian statue
typically showing a significant person on horseback
assemblage
a sculpture constructed from found objects. typically an assemblage does not disguise the original objects used, rather it either tries to show them in a new light.
primitive sculpture
sculpture goes back to prehistoric times. small scale sculptures, engraving or reliefs have been found on former dwelling sites.
most were made of ivory or soft stone
primitive sculpture
little stone figurines with emphasis on the reproductive organs, breasts and buttocks, thought to represent fertility goddesses thus was given the name venus.
venus of willendorf
was only a mere 11.5cm high, had a bulbous proportions. and it was painted red to resemble blood signifying life
Sumerian
Akkadian
Babylonian
Assyrian
The Mesopotamian period included:
mesopotamian sculpture
in the form of abstract geometric designs which were enlivened by formal images
of elemental gods, usually achieved by the use of cylinder seal.
sumer and akkad (sculpture)
common materials used included basalt, diorite, sandstone and alabaster.
sculptures from this period generally had large, staring eyes, and long beards on the men
babylonia and assyria
the history began with the reign of hammurabi in 1750 BC.
hammurabi was famous for his code of law, a bearded head, made of diorite is believed to represent hammurabi.
lamassu
a human-headed winged lion from 883-859 BC.
egyptian sculpture
designed not for the use of living patrons but to accompany or adorn the dead.
bas relief (egyptian sculpture)
a type of carving in which the design is made prominent by raising it from the background
incised (egyptian sculpture)
the INSIDE of the outline is the one that is carved out
The Law of Frontality
the body of the figure in the round must not be twisted in a way. the face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other although that hand and feet could be in a different position
aegean sculpture
this period seemed to have no interest in large scale sculpture, but smaller scale sculptures survived in abundance. the design was good but lacked a good sense of proportion, practically for human figures.
this figure included the cycladic, minoan and mycenaean sculpture
greek sculpture
sculpture was the art form most favored by them.
They made monuments to honor their gods; to commemorate victories, to
record religious rites, but what they always depicted was man.
The male figures usually have their one foot forward and their arms hang down from their sides
the stiffness of their egyptian counterpart was left behind
the male form becomes more engaging, mainly through balance of its limbs and the treatment of their muscles
characteristics of greek sculpture
Archaic sculpture
during this period, they used the Daedalic style, a clay mold technique mainly for frontal figures.
the male form was called Kouros, and the female form, Kore.
Archaic smile
movement was implied by the face in a sort of grimace which is the only sign of life in archaic sculpture.
early classical
high classical
late classical
Classic sculpture features these periods
Early classical
known as the severe style.
the favorite medium of sculptors was Bronze.
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, wherein sat the gigantic gold and ivory statue
of a seated Zeus, said to 13 meters high, and was one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World
Contrapposto
a sculptural scheme in visual arts, in which the standing human figure is poised at such that the weight rests on one leg (called the engaged leg), freeing the other leg, which is bent at one knee
Late classical
Introduction of female nude figures (Aphrodite of Cnidus by Praxiteles).
Aphrodite - The First great female nude, the goddess of beauty, known as “The Aphrodite of Cnidus”.
hellenistic sculpture
was known to be the period following the death of alexander the great.
greek art lost its simplicity and ideal perfection of form, this era artists tended to choose subjects that all people could readily understand and relate to, with realistic depiction expressing specific emotional or physical state
there was a trend of female nudes
Myron
famous for the boldness of which he fixed moments of violent action in bronze.
phidias
the greatest name in greek sculpture. designed and directed the building of the parthenon and the statues of the Gods which initiated the greek classical style.
His greatest achievement was the Athena Parthenos in Athens and Zeus at the temple of Olympis.
Zeus Chryselephantine
His sculpture done in ivory and adorned with gold.
Polycleitus
He was one of the most admired sculptors of the Classical period, and his aim was to depict people as they were
Praxiteles
his style always set him above the other sculptors of his time since he always tried new techniques to make his artwork “ripple with life” and be as natural as possible.
Praxitelian Curve
a new pose which influenced many sculptures during the late hellenic and into the hellenistic period
Lysippus
he modified the canon by using smaller heads for his figures and broke with frontal traditional and conceived his statue in the round.
roman sculpture
roman portrait sculpture continued in the tradition of etruscan realism. later, the romans revived the generalized ideal forms of greek art, particularly in the royal portrait busts.
negative relief
a technique of undercutting with a drill around the figure rather than modeling them in rounded form producing a strong but flattering contrast of light and darkness
lost wax process
a method of casting process
early christian sculpture
did not exploit sculpture though the craft continued in the decoration of the sarcophagi and developed most notably in miniature form
byzantine sculpture
sculpture in the round plays a minimal part in their sculpture.
was also a period of iconography, the representation of Christ, the virgin, angels
romanesque sculpture
engraved patterned stones are found in astonishing number on monastic sites.
they developed into elaborate sculptured crosses six meters high or more.
their sculpture is more commonly carved in reliefs and stone sculptures are usually BUT NOT ALWAYS AN INTEGRAL PART OF ARCHITECTURE
Early gothic sculpture
their sculpture were more independent from the wall while subordinating it to the discipline and linear clarity of the architectural design. they show purified cylindrical shapes, elongation, strict frontality, and tectonic immobility.
high gothic period sculpture
their sculpture assuming a deeper meaning with other religious figures used as subjects. they are still attached to the columns but stand on their own right on horizontal pedestals
late gothic period sculptures
gave emphasis to individual free standing or altar pieces. they float then stand on the pedestals and were more realistic.
nicola pisano
he had classical leanings, continued the italian tradition of elaborate freestanding carved pulpits, managed crowded figures, merged into broad narrative panels instead of being tightly compartmented in the romanesque manner
giovanni pisano
he surpassed his father’s brilliance in sculpture, developed free standing sculptures in wood, ivory, and marble
renaissance sculpture
full range of human emotions and characters were used, not to serve the spirit, but to record the nobility of man.
leon battista alberti
he gave a practical and theoretical lead to painters and sculptors, giving them not only perspective formulas and proportional canons but also principles of style
lorenzo ghiberti
he developed Renaissance sculpture from its previous gothic styles. his works demonstrated his knowledge of ancient sculpture and also showed his mastery of the laws of scientific perspective. One of his notable work is the Gates of Paradise
jacopo della quercia
a sculptor of great and sensitive talent. he hesitated between the classical and non-classical, but eventually found a classic coherence that would impress michelangelo de buonarotti
Donatello
said to be the greatest sculptor of the early renaissance.
andrea de vorrochio
was an influential sculptor, goldsmith, and painter. created a version of david, which as underage and modestly clad as opposed to donatello’s
michelangelo
he is said to be the towering genius in sculpture, not only in the renaissance period but maybe for all time. he carved the first il Divino (the divine one)
mannerist and baroque sculpture
supplanted the renaissance style. it made a virtue of complexity, distortion and artifice.
there was a focus in human form, a depiction in intricate poses and in exaggerated, and not always realistic settings.
bienvenido cellini (mannerist)
said to be an artist of genius who was known to have a terrible character. he carried out works inspired by the drawings of leonardo, michelangelo, rafaello, among others
Giambologna (giovanni de bologna)
he created his own personal style around an elegant and carefully studied formalism with refined and dynamically balanced figures.
baroque sculpture
despite its essential architectural function was replete with lively movement and pictorial in nature. figures were moved, flew or were contorted with nature. figures in historic poses were made more dramatic by vivid light and dark contrasts
giovanni lorenzo bernini
the outstanding personality of the baroque age. like michelangelo, he was a child prodigy, had a long prolific career, and was a painter, sculptor and architect.
rococo sculpture
maintained the theatricality of Baroque, with sculptured figures that were even more melodramatic and compositions that were more complex
clodion (claude michel)
was said to be the greatest of the rococo sculptors. he worked mostly in terra-cotta, his preferred subject matter being nymphs, satyrs bacchantes, and other classical figures.
etienne maurice falconet
he belong to the first generation of artists born in the 18th century and active under Louis XIV and became director of sculpture at the sevres porcelain factory, where many small reproductions of his work were made.
neo-classic sculpture
the sculpture could respond satisfactorily than painting to ideals of neo-classical which was noble simplicity and serene grandeur.
antonio canova
said to be the greatest italian sculptor of modern times. he became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh
Berthel Thorvaldsen
his works were inspired by the antique and he was so famous in his day for his works that a special museum was built in copenhagen as a memorial to him
Hillaire Germaine Edgar Degas
a french painter, and his most famous works consisted of ballet dancers, women bathing and racehorses. Just like in his paintings, he aimed to catch the action of moment.
auguste rodin
the towering sculptor of the 19th century, no sculptor had made such an impact since bernini, comparable to contemporary impressionist, he centered on anatomy
pablo picasso
in the early days of 20th century, he revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions, which is fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture
constantin brancusi
no other trees can grow in the shadow of an oak tree. revolutionary mode of sculpture - truth to materials, abandoned modeling in favor of direct carving.
he had an admiration for ancient and primitive art, and aimed to give the viewer a pure joy
henry moore
widely known by the 1930s, his international reputation was secured when he won a sculptor prize in 1984 at Venice.
he was an english sculptor known for his large scale abstract bronzes.
germaine richter
created a personal mythology with something of the same elemental, universal quality, though the general public found her work shocking. she used traditional anatomies are savaged or decomposed in places.
albert giacometti
worked on the human figure, from life and then from memory
indian sculpture
began in reference to all things by Buddha.
Gods, animals, and other figures were carved into the facade of a temples, monasteries and stupas.
their sculpture is stylized to represent certain religious ideas and doctrines.
chinese
japanese
islam/moorish sculpture
oriental sculpture
chinese
consists of highly stylized human and animal figures, they were usually in bronze, terracotta, or glazed stoneware. the first period of interest is the western zhou dynasty, from which coma variety of intricate cast bronze vessels, then the hand dynasty due to the spectacular terracotta army.
japanese
countless sculptures were made, often under governmental sponsorship. most is associated with religion, and the medium used declined with the lessening importance of traditional buddhism.
mediums used were usually of wood, bronze, or clay
islam/moorish sculpture
introduced a deep relief done in plaster or stucco known as yesseria.
however, sculpture is basically absent on their art.
arabesque
a decorative motif - serpentine writhing of lines that represent the arabic tree of life
philippine sculpture
the conversion of filipino to christianity had a profound effect on sculpture. the making of anitos was disregarded and santos were carved instead. these were used for adomment of churches and later on were adapted to filipino home.
guillermo tolentino
Father of philippine sculpture. classical philippine sculpture reached its peak in his works, due to his training in classical sculpture in Rome. Created the Oblation at UP which is a symbol of freedom.
napoleon abueva
First modern Filipino sculptor. said to be the father of Modern Philippine Sculpture.
he was a pupil of tolentino, and helped shaped the local sculpture scene to what it is now.
eduardo castrillo
one of asia’s most progressive and original sculptors. he originally started out as a jewelry designer but now specializes in embossed copper, as well as constructed and welded brass.
solomon saprid
used a blowtorch to weld strips of metal together. he is best known for his tikbalang series.
ramon orlina
foremost glass sculptor of the phillipines.
impy pilapil
worked with various materials, including glass, steel and stone.
