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Apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Balkanization
A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into stable countries because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long standing antagonisms toward each other. EX: Albania
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
Caucasus Region
This region straddles the Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are here. Kurds live here
centripetal force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
centrifugal force
a force that divides people and countries
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Ethnicity
identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. EX: President Obama's ethnicity is African American
ethnic cleansing
A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violence and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.
ethnic enclave
A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
ethnic exclave
a portion of an ethnic group that is separated from the main group and surrounded by other ethnicities
Genocide
the mass killing of a group of people in attempt to eliminate the entire group from exsistence.
multi-ethnic state
A state that contains more than one ethnicity
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
nationality
identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country. EX: Italian
race
identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait such as skin color. EX: caucasian
Racism
Belief that one race is superior to another
Shatterbelt
an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
Territoriality
In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa, they divided it up with no remorse for ethnic groups
Balance of Power Theory
Equal power would prevent one monarchy from becoming too powerful
civil divisions
Governmental divisions that divide citizens
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
compact state
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
Core-Periphery Model
A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.
cultural boundary
defines a geographic area wherein a group of people share the same cultural practices and traditions.
Decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status
Democratization
A process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one.
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
Elongated State
A state with a long, narrow shape.
failed state
a state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control.
fragmented state
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
Federal State
An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Heartland Theory
Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Irredentism
a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country
Microstate
A state that encompasses a very small land area.
multinational state
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
multi-state nation
nation that stretches across borders and across states
nation state
A country who's population share a common identity.
Perforated State
a state that completely surrounds another one
physical boundary
Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers.
Prorupted State
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
Rimland Theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
State
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
stateless nation
A nationality that is not represented by a state.
supranational organization
Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
Unitary State
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
united nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
consists of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones, dividing up the worlds water.
absolute distance
The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.
relative distance
Approximate measurement of the physical space between two places.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data
remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
absolute location
Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
relative location
The position of a place in relation to another place
Distance Decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
time-space compression
through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced
environmental determinism
the physical environment determines the actions humans will take
EX: what we wear, where we build towns
Possibilism
people have the ability to adjust to their physical environment
EX: adapting to weather with AC or heating
scale
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
Functional Region
An area organized around a node or focal point
EX: school districts, and transportation such as buses
formal region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
EX: common language or economic activity such as production of a certain crop
Vernacular/Perceptual Region
an region that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
EX: southern accents
place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
region
an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
site
The physical character of a place
situation
the location of a place relative to other places
Geographic Scale
A more general concept that refers to a conceptual hierarchy of spaces, from small to large, that reflects actual levels of organization in the real world.
Cartographic Scale
refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents
Choropleth Map
uses colors to signify changes in info that is being presents
isoline map
Proportional Symbol Map
use of varying sizes to display the information about a location
Dot Distribution Map
uses dots to represent data and show concentration of info in certain locations
Cartogram map
a map that distorts the shape of land to show who represents the largest value of whatever data is being displayed
symbolization map
a map that uses few symbols to show location of material, resources, etc in a location
Cartography
The science of making maps
Mercator Projection
a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder
Geographic Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
EX:immigrants bringing their religion traditions to the US
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a additive process.
Hierarchical Diffusion
the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
EX: spread of ideas from political leaders
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a CHARACTERISTIC or trend throughout a population.
EX: social media infulencers
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
EX: AirPods/ bluetooth headphones
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
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