Chem Test 1

environmental chemistry

The study of how matter+energy are exchanged in the environment and how it is modified by humans.

Green Chem

How to use chemistry to help the enviroment by using less energy to make less waste

Two types of matter

Pure substances and mixtures

elements are distinct based off their

atomic number

Homogenous mixture

A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout.

Heterogenous mixture

A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture

metals

almost all solid, shiny, silvery, conductors, ductale, homogenous

non-metals

gas, solid, brittle, non-conductor, heterogenous

metalloids

\
both properties, semiconductor

molecular compounds

nonmetals+nonmetals

Molecular compound examples

CO2, SF6, ClBr

Ionic Compounds

metal+nonmetal

Ionic compound example

NaCl

Electron Charge

\-1

Proton Charge

\+1

Neutron Charge

neutral/0

Electrons mass

1

Protons mass

aprox 2000

Neutrons mass

aprox 2003

Electron location

the cloud

Protons location

nucleus

neutrons location

nucleus

atomic # is the

protons/bottom number

mass # is this

protons+neutrons

Allatropes

different form of the same element

example of allatrope

carbon=coal, graphite, diamond

redox rxn

the transfer of electrons

LEO GOES GER

Lose Electrons Oxidization Gain Electrons Reduction

Ex of oxidizing agents

O2, Cl2, F2

Reducing Agents

H2S (antioxidants etc.)

Vapor Desposition

Gas to Solid

Cradle to Cradle

Fully recycleable stuff, NO WASTE

What is in dry air

N2, O2, AR, CO2, CO, Rn

%N2 in the air

78%

%O2 in the air

21%

%Ar in the air

1%

%CO2 in the air

.04%

3 lowest layers of the atm

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere

Six outdoor air pollutants monitored by the EPA

CO, Ozone, SO2, No2, PM2.5, PM10

CO produced by what

incomplete combustion

CO lowered by what

catalytic converters

Sulfur in sox comes from?

coal/rock

Noxs need what to be made

heat (commonly from cars)

Air quality index

3 Pillars of sustainability

Enviromental, social, economic

Why are the 3 pillars important?

They’re used to better understand sustainability and are used as a model for standards to evaluate the sustainability of organizations, countries, products, and services.

F

Flouride

Cl

Chloride

Br

Bromide

I

Iodide

S^-2

Sulfide

O^-2

Oxide

Se^-2

Selenide

N^-3

Nitride

P^-3

Phosphide

C^-4

Carbide

S2N6

Disulfide Hexanitride

ClF

Chlorine Monoflouride

mono only used on..

second word NOT FIRST

Se3P6

Triselenium hexaphosphide

N4O8

Tetranitrogen Octoxide

Rapid Oxidization=

=Combustion

AC work?

Combusts hydrocarbons

Combustion of hydrocarbons produces what?

Water and CO2

In combustion problems what do you balance first?

H

What do you balance second?

CO2

Balance last?

O2

Primary pollutant

Air pollutants emitted directly from a source

Secondary Pollutants

Pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere

NO2 produced by?

Cars-primary pollutant

volatile

easily gasified- ex. gasoline

organic

carbon containg compounds

catalyst

lowers activation energy needed for a rxn

lowest layer in the atmosphere

troposphere

middle layer of the atmosphere

stratosphere

Top layer of the atmosphere

Mesosphere

N2 percentage in air

78%

O2 percentage

21%

Ar percentage

0\.9%

CO2 percentage

.04%

The 6 outdoor air pollutants

Co, Ozone, So2, No2, Pm2.5, Pm 10

PM stands for

Particulate matter…smaller number=smaller size

percent to ppm=

4 places to the right

ppm to ppb

move 3 to the right

percent to ppb

move 7 places right

matter

everything

homogenous mixture

mixture uniform in composition throughout

heterogenous mixture

mixture not uniform in composition throughout

solution

A liquid mixture composed of the solute (minor) and solvent (major)

atoms

smallest building blocks of matter

element

composed of many atoms of the same type

compound

a pure that is made up of two or more different types of atoms in a fixed chemical combination

groups

vertical collums

nano technology

refers to the manipulation of matter less than 100 nanometers

chemical formula

a symbolic way to represent the elementary composition of a substance

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit

electricity

a type of energy

allatrope

different physical forms that an element can exist in

rocks

group of minerals in solid form

minerals

a solid inorganic substance of natural occurence