AP Human Geo Unit 4 Vocab Review

sovereignty

the power of a political unit, or government to rule over its own affairs

nation

a group of people who have a common culture of heritage, a set of beliefs and values that unify them, a traditional claim to a particular space as their homeland, and a desire to establish their own state or express self rule in another way

nation-state

a nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of being a state

ex: Japan, Icealnd

multinational state

a country that contains more than one nation

ex: Canada

autonomous region

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state

ex: Aland

semiautonomous region

a state that has a degree of but not complete self rule

ex: Navajo reservation

stateless nation

a cultural group that has no independent political entity

ex: the Kurds

multistate nation

when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states

nationalism

a nations desire to create and maintain a state of its own

Berlin Conference (Congo Conference)

major empires of Europe gathered their representatives and they divided up Africa using deliminated boundaries

self determination

the right to choose their own sovereign government without external influence

decolonization

the undoing of colonization

genocide

the organized mass killing in which people are targeted because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality

Cold War

a period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the US and the USSR or Soviet Union

satellite states

a state dominated by another politically and economically

devolution

one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit

geopolitics

the study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states

territoriality

a willingness by a person or a group of people to defend the space they claim

neocolonialism

economic, political, or even cultural control was indirectly exerted over developing countries

choke points

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

physical geographic boundries

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

cultural boundaries

divide people according to some cultural division such as language, religion, or ethnicity

antecedent boundary

preceded the development of the cultural landscape

subsequent boundary

the boundary is typically created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over time, usually related to cultural phenomena

superimposed boundary

drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns

landlocked states

states without territory connected to an ocean

relic boundary

a boundary that has been abandoned y political purposes but evidence of it still exists on the landscape

geometric boundary

a straight line or arc drawn by people tat does not closely follow any physical features

consequent boundary

a subsequent border that takes into account already existing cultural of physical landscapes

cultural consequent boundary

border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural traits

physical consequent boundary

a division that uses already existing natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, deserts, or mountains

open boundry

unguarded border that people can cross easily with little or no political intervention

militarized boundary

a border that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing

defined boundary

a boundary that is established by a legal document

delimited boundary

a boundary drawn on a map by a cartograper

demarcated boundary

a boundary that is identified by a physical object placed on the landscape

definitional boundary dispute

occurs when two ore more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary

locational boundary dispute

boundary disputed that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimitated, or demarcated

territorial disputes

a dispute centered around who possesses the land

irredentism

a type of expansion when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land

operational boundary dispute (functional dispute)

a dispute that centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions

allocational boundary dispute (resources dispute)

a dispute that occurs when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries

administered boundary

how a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross

controlled boundary

boundaries have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country

exclaves

territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries

political enclaves

states, or territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state

shatterbelt

a place located between two very different and contentious regions

territorial sea

this area extends up to 12 nautical miles, commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged

contiguous zone

area up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

costal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles

high seas

water beyond any country’s EEZ that is open to all states

SIDS

small island developing states

electoral geography

using spatial thinking techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns

voting districts

internal boundaries that divide a country’s electorate into subnational regions

electorate

the people of a country who are eligible to vote

census

a count of the population every 10 years

reapportionment

changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the states population

redistricting

when state legislatures or state committees then redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people

gerrymandering

is the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to increase its power

federal state

unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty

unitary state

most or all of the governing power is held by the national government

annexation

the process of legally adding territory to a city

devolution

the transfer of some political power from the central government to subnational levels of government

ethnic separatism

the advocacy of full political separation (or succession) from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines

ethnic cleansing

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic group or religious group to remove by violent or terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic ore religious group from a certain geographic areas

terrorism

organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals

irredentism

a movement to unite people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary

sub-nationalism

people who what have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity

balkinization

the fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethnolinguistic lines

supranationalism

the practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all members

World Trade Organization (WTO)

the goal is to have countries agree to a set of fair and nondiscriminatory guidelines for international trade, a secondary goal is to ensure that trade flows smoothly, freely, and predictably

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

its goal is to coordinate and unify its members petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

its goal is to seek mutually beneficial trade agreements has fostered economic growth and peace for its member states

United States Mexico Canada Agreement (NAFTA or USMCA)

regional, economic supranational organization between the US, Canada, and Mexico

transnational corporations

companies that conduct business on a global scale

democratization

the transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics

regionalism

when loyalty to a distinct portion of a country is more important than loyalty to the entire country