ClinPara Lec Week 6

Plasmodium

Transmitted through Mosquitos: ___

Babesia

Transmitted through Tics: ___

Obligate intracellular

Plasmodium and Babesia are ___ parasites

Inside ; Red Blood Cells

Obligate intracellular parasite

• They live ___ the cell of it’s host

• Infects ___

Protozoans

Sporozoans fall under ___

plasmodium vivax

Blood Species

• ___

• plasmodium ovale

• plasmodium malariae

• plasmodium falciparum

• plasmodium knowlesi

plasmodium ovale

Blood Species

• plasmodium vivax

• ___

• plasmodium malariae

• plasmodium falciparum

• plasmodium knowlesi

plasmodium malariae

Blood Species

• plasmodium vivax

• plasmodium ovale

• ___

• plasmodium falciparum

• plasmodium knowlesi

plasmodium falciparum

Blood Species

• plasmodium vivax

• plasmodium ovale

• plasmodium malariae

• ___

• plasmodium knowlesi

plasmodium knowlesi

Blood Species

• plasmodium vivax

• plasmodium ovale

• plasmodium malariae

• plasmodium falciparum

• plasmodium ___

Plasmodium species

Malaria is a Clinical disease caused by ___

Febrile Cycles

___: Fevers & Chills

Female Anopheles Mosquito

Malaria Mode of Transmission:

• ___

Anopheles minimus variety flavirostris

Malaria Principal Vector

Mosquito bite

Malaria natural Transmission

• ___

Blood Transfusion ; Congenital transmission

Malaria other forms of Transmission

• ___

• ___

Liver

Malarial Exo-Erythrocytic Cycle occurs in the ___

Infective

Malaria ___ stage

• Mosquito takes a blood meal and injects sporozoites

Red Blood Cells

Malarial Erythrocytic Cycle occurs in the ___

Diagnostic Stage

Malarial Erythrocytic Cycle is the ___ stage

Sporozoite

Infective stage of the parasite to human: ___

Gametocytes

Infective stage of parasite to mosquito: ___

Definitive Host

Malaria

• ___ ; Mosquito

Intermediate Host

Malaria

• ___ ; Human

Gametogony and Sporogony

Malaria Sexual cycle: ___ and ___

Hypnozoite

Sporozoite enter a resting stage before undergoing asexual multiplication

Relapse

Recurrence that takes place when there is reinvasion of the bloodstream by parasites from the dormant pre erythrocytes after the complete initial clearing of the erythrocytic infection

Recrudescence

Recurrence of symptoms in a patient whose initial bloodstream infection levels are too low to demonstrated clinically

Pre-patent period

Interval from sporozoite injection to detection of parasite in the blood

Incubation period

The time between sporozoite infection and the appearance of clinical symptoms

Prodromal symptoms

Occurs in the last few days of incubation period

Malarial Paroxysms

Bouts of fever and chills resulting from the release of merozoites and toxic waste products from infected RBC

Uncomplicated vivax malaria

• Flu-like symptoms

• Nausea, vomiting, headache, muscle pains

• Photophobia

Chronic vivax malaria

Preexisting debility or intercurrent disease

• Ischemia or tissue hypoxia

• Brain, liver, kidney damage

Uncomplicated Malarial Malaria

• Flu-like symptoms

• Nausea, vomiting, headache, muscle pains

Chronic Malarial Malaria

• Children at risk

  • Nephrotic syndrome

  • Renal disease

  • Proteinuria

20 years

Plasmodium Malaria Recrudescence

• Occur ___ or more

• Moderate to severe

Plasmodium Falciparum Prodromal Symptoms

• Flulike symptoms

• Daily episodes of chills and fevers

Anemia

• Plasmodium Falciparum

  • Consequences of the heavy parasite load due to the lysis of the red blood cell and formation of the hemozoin

  • Common in children and pregnant women

Renal disease

• Plasmodium Falciparum

  • Result of tubular necrosis resulting from red cell sludging and renal anorexia

  • Proteinuria

Black water fever

• Plasmodium Falciparum

  • Syndrome that results from massive intravascular hemolysis and the passage of usually black urine

  • Kidney involvement

Dysenteric malaria

• Plasmodium Falciparum

  • Uncommon but extremely serious complications

  • Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Plasmodium Knowlesi

5th human malaria

Cytoadherens

Results of the expression on the surface of the parasitized red cell of strain- and stage -specific parasite-derived ligands which adhere to a specific receptor complex on the endothelial cells

Rhoptries

interior organelles within the merozoite, important in invasion process

30 Seconds

RBC invasion only takes ___

Malarial pigment collection

___:

• Give the liver a grayish to dark brown or black color

Leukopenia

Noted in falciparum malaria as a decrease of WBC

G6PD Deficiency

RESISTANT TO MALARIAL INFECTION

• ___

• Sickle cell anemia or Hemoglobin S

• Southeast Asian Ovalocytotic

• Duffy blood group - Fy(a-b-)

Sickle cell anemia or Hemoglobin S

RESISTANT TO MALARIAL INFECTION

• G6PD Deficiency

• ___

• Southeast Asian Ovalocytotic

• Duffy blood group - Fy(a-b-)

Southeast Asian Ovalocytotic

RESISTANT TO MALARIAL INFECTION

• G6PD Deficiency

• Sickle cell anemia or Hemoglobin S

• ___

• Duffy blood group - Fy(a-b-)

Duffy blood group - Fy(a-b-)

RESISTANT TO MALARIAL INFECTION

• G6PD Deficiency

• Sickle cell anemia or Hemoglobin S

• Southeast Asian Ovalocytotic

• ___

Babesia Species

Parasites of domestic and wild animals

• Texas cattle fever

• Red water fever

• Malignant jaundice in docs

Ixodes species

Babesia Species Mode of Transmission

• Vector: ___

Tic bite

Babesia Species Mode of Transmission

• Natural Transmission: ___

Babesia Species

___ other Modes of Transmission

• Blood transfussion

• Organ transplantation

• Transpacental tranmission

ixodes dammini

Babesia microti vector : ___

Infective Stage

Babesia microti ___ stage

• Tic takes a blood meal

Diagnostic

Babesia microti ___ stage

• Trophozoite are found in the blood stream

Laverania

Plasmodium Falciparum

• Genus: ___

Plasmoddiidae

Malaria is under the Family ___

Plasmodium

Malaria is under the Genus ___

Exo-erythrocytic

Malaria

• Asexual cycle ___

Erythrocytic

Malaria

• Sexual Cycle ___,

Hypnozoite

Resting stage or Dormant Stage of Sporozoite

Plasmodium Vivax and Plasmodium Ovale

Hypnozoite occur in ___ and ___

Remittent

Fever is fluctuating

Intermittent

Fever is fluctuating but goes back to baseline

Plasmodium Malariae and plasmodium Vivax

Relapse occurs in ___ and ___

Plasmodium Falciparum and Plasmodium Malaria

Recrudescence occurs in ___ and ___

Benign Tertian Malaria ; Vivax malaria

Plasmodium Vivax

• Old Name: ___

• New Name: ___

11-15 days

Plasmodium malaria

• Pre-patent period: ___

10-17 days

Plasmodium malaria

• Incubation period: ___

44-48 Hours

Plasmodium malaria

• Periodic Paroxysm: ___

Benign tertian Malaria ; Ovale tertian Malaria

Plasmodium ovale

• Old Name: ___

• New Name: ___

14-26 days

Plasmodium ovale

• Pre-patent period: ___

11-16

Plasmodium ovale

• Incubation period: ___

48-50 hours

Plasmodium ovale

• Periodic paroxysm: ___

Quartan Malaria ; Malarial Malaria

Plasmodium malaria

• Old Name: ___

• New Name: ___

3-4 weeks

Plasmodium malaria

• Pre-patent period: ___

18-40 days

Plasmodium malaria

• Incubation period: ___

72

Plasmodium malaria

• Periodic paroxysm: ___

1 Year

Plasmodium Ovale Malaria infection lasts up to ___

Malignant tertian Malaria '; Falciparum Malaria

Plasmodium Falciparum

• Old name: ___

• New name: ___

11-14 days

Plasmodium Falciparum

• Pre-patent period: ___

8-11 days

Plasmodium Falciparum

• incubation period: ___

36-48 hours

Plasmodium Falciparum

• Periodic paroxysm: ___

Anemia

Consequence of the heavy parasite load due to the lysis of the red blood cells and the formation of hemozoin

hemozoin

Consequence of the heavy parasite load due to the lysis of the red blood cells and the formation of ___

red cell sludging and renal anoxia

Renal disease is the result of tubular necrosis resulting from ___ and ___

Black water fever

Syndrome that results from massive intravascular hemolysis and the passage of usually black urine

Algid Malaria

Rapid development of hypotension and impairment of vascular perfusion

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) or Anoxia

A pulmonary edema result of ___ or ___ affecting the pulmonary microcirculation is a

serum IgM

Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome is a Chronic splenomegaly and marked elevation of the ___

HYPERPARASITEMIA

Parasitemias in excess of 10% - 20% of the RBCs

quinine and quininidine

Hypoglycemia result from treatment of ___ and ___

Cerebral malaria

Most serious complication Frequent cause of death for malaria patients

Plasmodium knowlesi

Zoonic malatia

Glycoprotein thromboplastin

• May be involved in the specific receptor complex

• Small vessels may thus become plugged by masses of parasitized RBCs

Rupture of RBC

Brings on the malarial paroxysms