History B Unit 8

Segregation vs. Integration

Segregation - Racial Separation

Integration - The ability to live and work where you choose without regard to racial barriers

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

1. Ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities were “separate but equal”

2. Let Jim Crow laws exist in the south, made African Americans second class citizens

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

1. Ruled that segregated schools were inferior and could not be “equal”

2. Countered the Plessy vs. Ferguson, forced schools to integrate

3. Argued by Thurgood Marshall

Central High School, Arkansas (1957)

Governor of Arkansas did not allow for integration in their schools which was challenging the federal law

Group of African American Students called the Little Rock Nine was allowed to attend the school by president Esienhower, followed by national guard

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

Rosa Parks defied the Alabama law and sat in the front of the bus

African Americans joined together to support this movement by refusing to ride on buses

Dr. Martin Luther King helped Organize this protest

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Organized by Martin Luther King Jr. an African American clergyman

Advocated for non-violent protests against restrictive racial policies

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Organized by young students and formed by Elle Baker to fight racial oppression

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Dedicated to bringing out change through peaceful confrontation

Founded by pacifist, first group to use “sit ins” as a method of non-violent protest

NAACP

Thurgood Marshall was the lead lawyer for this organization

Focused on bringing change through challenging segregation laws in the court system

Freedom Riders

Went into integrated buses to towns that are segregated

Formed by CORE and SNCC to promote non-violent protests

Tested supreme court laws

Sit in

Students would remain seated at segregated lunch counters and government buildings

Civil Disobedience- public refusal to obey an unjust law

Business owners would either serve minorities or refuse and cause disruption to their store/business

March on Washington (1963)

Protest led by Dr. king

At the Lincoln Memorial

Showed support for a Civil Rights Bill purposed by President Kennedy

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Signed by President Lyndon Johnson, passed in honor of JFK

• eliminated white only public facilities

• banned discrimination by employers and unions

• banned use of different voter registration standards for blacks and whites

• gave federal govt. power to hold funds rom public programs that discriminate

March on Selma (1965)

Demanded for voting rights

SNCC members marched from Selma, AL. to Montgomery, AL

once over the bridge, armed troopers charged at protesters

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Southern states still did not allow African Americans to vote

• empowered federal movement to supervise voter registration

• eliminated voter registration tests

From President Johnson

Watts Riots

series of violent confrontations between Los Angeles police and residents of Watts and other predominantly African American neighborhoods of South-Central Los Angeles

de jure vs. de facto segregation

De jure segregation is the legal separation of groups of people based on law. A close relative of de jure segregation is de facto segregation

In de facto segregation, people are not separated legally but remain separate from each other as a matter of fact

Malcolm X

Against integration

nation of Islam, changed his last name

Different Luther Kings ideas

Black Panthers

Protected black communities, expose systematic injustice Promote self-reliance and empowerment

Founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale

Jackie Robinson

American professional baseball player who became the first African-American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era

Betty Friedan

Betty Friedan was a prominent American feminist writer and activist who is considered a "mother" of modern feminism.

Her 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, explored the idea of women finding fulfillment outside of traditional roles and is credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism.

Counterculture Movement

Youth rejected social norms and exhibited their disapproval of racial, ethnic, and political injustices through resistance, and for some subgroups, revolt

Feminism

The advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes

Title 9

a federal law that was passed in 1972 to ensure that male and female students and employees in educational settings are treated equally and fairly

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would invalidate many state and federal laws that discriminate against women

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The Supreme Court decided that the right to privacy implied in the 14th Amendment protected abortion as a fundamental right

Repatriation

Mexican nationals and U.S. citizens of Mexican descent were coerced by authorities to leave their homes in the U.S. and relocate across the border in Mexico

Mendez v. Westminster (1947)

Brought an end to school segregation in California and supported later civil rights struggles to end all segregation nationally

American GI Forum

Throughout the post-World War II period, the GI Forum worked with other Mexican-American civil rights groups, like the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and the Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations, to end discriminatory laws and practices throughout the country, but especially in

Cesar Chavez & Dolores Huerta

Co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).