Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

- The transition of using machinery for mass production

Agrarian Revolution

improved livestock breeding, better crops, varieties, new machinery

Enclosure movement

-Wealthy farmers bought up land and combined small fields to create larger, fenced-in fields

Urbanization

-Movement of people to cities. During the Industrial Revolution, people moved from villages and towns into cities because of the economic growth and job opportunities

Power Sources of the Industrial Revolution

- Coal, water, steam, and gas. All of them were significant because they were able to produce a lot of power for the machinery in the factories. 

Cottage Industry

- Making goods in small batches at home and the raw materials were made/picked upc

Factory

- where the workers and the machinery mass-produce the same products

Mass Production

- a large amount of the same products

Capitalism

Private ownership of the means of production

Socialism

- Government ownership of the means of production (a system when the people as a whole rather than individuals own all property and operate all businesses) 

Communism

- A form of socialism that sees the class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable

Divine Right

-When people believe that they were destined to rule because god said so

Peter the Great

-Modernize Russia, had goals to westernize Russia, established a warm waterport, and made Russia more colorful

Constitutional Monarchy

- when the monarch has limits to their power because all of their decisions have to be following a constitution

Absolute Monarchy

A monarchy ruler that had absolute rule over their subjects

Causes of Spanish Wars of Succession

- The throne for Spain was vacant and nobody could peacefully decide who should take over next.  

30-year war

- the Catholic rulers from the Holy Roman Empire didn’t want Calvinism to spread so they tried to destroy it. 

Louis XIV

-A French absolute ruler who built the Palace of Versailles, the Sun King, and ruled the longest than any European king in history. Only taxed the poor and exempted the poor. 

Queen Elizabeth

- a Protestant, who rejected Philip II’s marriage proposal and secretly joined the Dutch in their fight against Spain.

Queen Mary

- Mary I, or “Bloody” Mary, was also a devout Catholic who opposed the Protestant faith, and burned almost 300 Protestants alive

Habsburg Empire

- Was Europe’s most powerful royal family. The Hapsburg Empire included Spain, Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, parts of Poland, and more.

Compare and contrast Socialism and Capitalism

The wealthy are the ones who benefit more from capitalism because money = more land and private ownership which is then exploited and used for production. The wealthy aren’t the ones who are earning the income, they hire others to do it for them. Socialism is when the people as a whole rather than individuals own all property and operate all businesses. The people themselves earn all of their income and products. 

What factors led to the Industrial Revolution beginning in England?

The exploration and colonization, the geography, a strong stable government (laws), and the growth of private investment. Exploration and colonization provided raw materials and new markets. Since Britain was an island, it had many harbors and river which was used for trade, transportation, and power sources for factories, and along with that had an abundance of iron and coal. Britain had a strong and stable government with many laws that kept people in check. The private investments from the wealthy middle class helped Britain since they had a very strong economy.

How did Urbanization shed light on the class struggles between the working class and the upper class?

Urbanization shed light on the class struggles between the working class and the upper class because the working class had to watch/work with each other. With that many lower-class people and diversity, the rich didn’t want to associate themselves or interact with them. This led the rich to live and settle in places farther away from the lower classes and make their houses more extravagant and fancy, emphasizing the fact that most of them don’t work as hard as the lower class.