Traditions & Encounters: A Brief Global History Chapter 19 Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering European exploration, the spice trade, trading post empires, and the Columbian exchange based on Chapter 19 of Traditions & Encounters.

Dutch focus in Indonesia

Concentrated efforts on dominating the spice trade, particularly controlling the trade of cloves, nutmeg, and mace.

Hormuz

A strategic trading post controlled by the Portuguese.

Dominant European power in mid-seventeenth century Southeast Asia

The Dutch (the Netherlands), who began to supplant the Portuguese in the region and the Indian Ocean.

Russian motivation for venturing into Siberia

The search for furs within the tundra and dense forests over the Ural Mountains.

Columbian exchange

The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens.

Impact of American food crops in Eurasia

Resulted in improved nutrition and cuisine, leading to steady population growth.

Region excluded from 1750 trade links

Australia was the primary region excluded from the trading post empires established by Portuguese, Dutch, and English merchants.

Primary trade goods of Japan

Silver and copper.

Primary trade goods of Southeast Asia

Spices.

Motivations for European exploration

The search for raw materials and mineral resources, new lands to settle, direct trade with Asian markets, and the urge to extend Christianity.

Square and lateen sails

Sailing technology that allowed European mariners to tack against prevailing winds.

Astrolabe or cross staff

Instruments used by fifteenth-century mariners to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon.

Prince Henry

Portuguese royal who sponsored voyages down the west coast of Africa following the capture of Ceuta.

Vasco da Gama

Explorer who discovered a sea route to the Indian Ocean, enabling European merchants to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

Columbus's geographical belief

He believed Japan was located only $2500$ nautical miles west of the Canary Islands.

English and Dutch merchant ships

Vessels that were faster, cheaper, and more powerful than those of the Portuguese.

English East India Company and the VOC

Privately owned joint-stock enterprises that enjoyed government support and the right to make war, but lacked direct government ownership.

Spanish conquest of the Philippines

Success was largely due to the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance against the Spanish forces.