AP Euro: Ch.11 Leaking Dam & The Flood

Volkgeist

"spirit of the people"; nationalistic connotation of ethnic unity, inherent national character making each people grow in its own distinctive way, originated in Germany in the early 19th century

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

Saint-Simonianism

Began by saint Simon a liberal French aristocrat. He wanted to abolish private property, by which experts would manage wealth, property and enterprise in order to alleviate poverty and economic inequalities.

Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon

sought to offset the ill effects of industrialization with a new economic system called socialism

Louis Blanc (National Workshops)

Journalist who advocated the right to work, thought governments should guarantee employment through public works projects.

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

English advocate for women's rights who argued that women were not naturally inferior to men or less rational, as Rousseau had suggested, but had less educational opportunity

Egalitarian Feminism

stressed ways women and men shared the use of reason and universal human rights.

Flora Tristan

(1803-1844) Socialist and feminist who called for working woman's social and political rights.

George Sand

French female author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women

Joseph Mazzini

Early Italian nationalist; started "Young Italy Movement"; member of the Carbonari Movement

Hegel

German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831)

Hegelian Dialectic

The idea, according to G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831), a German philosopher, that social change results from the conflict of opposite ideas. The thesis is confronted by the antithesis, resulting in a synthesis, which then becomes a new thesis. The process is evolutionary. Marx turned Hegel "upside down" and made class conflict, not ideas, the force driving history forward.

Friedrich List

wrote National System of Political Economy, which advocated fast and large-scale industrialization to develop nation's strength and the use of protective tariffs to make people buy domestic goods.

Slavic Revival

all branches of the Slavs began to develop new nationalism

White Terror

In France 1815 after the Bourbon monarchy regained power, Upper class youth murdered Bonapartists and republicans, Catholic mobs seized & killed Protestants in Marseilles & Toulouse

Charles X of France

The king that succeeded Louis XVIII, and ruled from 1824 to 1830. He is not a conservative, but a reactionary. He considered himself a monarch by divine right and moved to restore lands that the Aristocrats had lost during the revolution. The French liberals wanted a legitimately constitutional regime, and when matters came to a head in 1829 Charles abandoned efforts to accommodate liberals and appointed an ultra-royalist ministry.

Metternich of Austria

This is the leader of the Congress of Vienna. This person wanted to keep Monarchies for all of Europe and maintain the balance of power.

Peterloo Massacre

In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.

Corn Laws of 1815

English law prohibits the importation of foreign grain. This makes domestic grain more expesive and in turn makes the aristocracy richer, while the poor who have to pay for higher grain now, get poorer. This law sparks mass protests among lower classes

Six Acts (1819)

English laws restricting mass political action (after Peterloo) in an attempt to prevent radical leaders from agitating and to give the authorities new powers.

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)

A congress held by the Quintuple Alliance. This congress is important because it was when the Quintuple Alliance decided to withdraw forces from France. Included proposal of 'European Union' & international military.

Congress of Troppau

in 1820 between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, claimed the right to interfere in the affairs of other countries to prevent revolutions which France & Britain objected

Congress of Verona (1822)

Issue of Greece on the table; Alexander encouraged to refuse support; France allowed to take small army into Spain to put down revolution there.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Decembrist Revolt

The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained.

Nicholas I of Russia (r. 1825-1855)

Czar of Russia who had no revolution of his own in 1848 (due to the fact that Russia had no urban working class) and thus aided the crushing of ideas in Austria. He was hated by his people because he was a conservative.

Alexander I

Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses.

July Revolution of 1830

rebellion in reaction to King Charles' edicts (the July Ordinances) that imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections; Charles fled; Duke of Orleans, his cousin, became king

Louise Philippe

The French king that took the throne after Charles X in 1830. He doubled the voting population. In 1848, a revolution erupted due to his declaration of free speech. His opponents held banquets to oppose him. He abdicated after continuous revolts.

July Monarchy

Period in France (1830-1848) where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe was at the head of a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy eventually became too rigid and unwilling to change and was overthrown.

Robert Peel

Britain's conservative prime minister from 1834 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1846. Peel oversaw the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, partially due to the ongoing Irish Famine.

Reform Bill of 1832

British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Ten Hours Act of 1847

limited the workday to 10 hours for women a and children who worked in factories

Anti Corn Law League

1838 formed. Was a Whig-liberal-radical combo of interests. Wage earners objected to Corn Laws because food prices were high. Industrialists objected because it caused wage inflation. League organized like a political party. The famine in Ireland provided the final push. Ireland needed to import grain since potato harvest had failed and ppl were starving. Finally, the Tories under Sir Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws.

Stake In Society Theory

This theory that developed during the 19th century states that those who govern should have something to lose. In this fashion only the bourgeois and the aristocracy should have a vote. This was reflected by the fact that only 1 in 30 men could vote in the July Monarchy and only 1 in 8 could vote after the Reform Act of 1832 in Britain.

Poor Law of 1834

British legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid

Charter of 1838-6 points

A document written by William Lovett which stated the ideological basis of the Chartist movement. The People's Charter detailed the six key points that the Chartists believed were necessary to reform the electoral system and thus alleviate the suffering of the working classes. The first was Universal suffrage (the right to vote) and proposed that the vote be extended to all adult males over the age of 21, apart from those convicted of a felony or declared insane. There would be no property qualification and candidates for elections would no longer have to be selected from the upper classes. Annual parliaments were to be held, and it abolished the worst excesses of 'pocket boroughs'. Payment of members would be given and the final point was that there would be a vote by secret ballot.