Exam 4 Stuff: DIGESTION + MALE/FEMALE REPROD + everything else

Layers of primordial follicle

1 layer of simple squamous epithelium

Layers of primary follicle

Multiple layers of stratified cuboidal epithelium

follicular cells outside, oocyte inside

outer ring is theca interna

Graafian follicle: follicular liquid inside, secondary oocyte next to, cumulus oophorus outside both. Membrane granulosa at the end of follicular fluid

Corpus Luteum + hormone

Unfertilized egg, must be shed

LH- is the hormone via granulosa lutein cells

Secreted by granulosum lutein cells

Oviduct/fallopian tube regions

Infundibulum - hold ovary in place (CT)

Ampulla - trumpet shape (SITE OF FERTILIZATION)

Isthmus - straightened out part

Intramural regions - aka fundus

Oviduct cells by the lamina propria are ???

CILIATED columnar epithelium (aid in menstruation)

Oviduct muscular layers

Lamina Propria

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer

serosa

Middle word describes how the fibers grow across

Uterus notes

VERY MUSCULAR

Endometrium and Myometrium

Basal layer inbetween

Endo- dense regular CT

Myo- muscle

Uterine glands (simple columnar epithelium)- secretes hormones for child if present +

Top layer; functional layer

Vagina !!

Very similar to bladder but has SOME keratinized regions, divot at top

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

NO GLANDS PRESENT

Muscle layers: lamina propria

mucosa

submucosa

inner circular

outer longitudinal

SEVEN UP

S-Seminiferous Tubules

E-Epididymis

V-Vas Deferens

E-Ejaculatory duct

N…..

U-Urethra

P-Penis

Sperm complete maturation where?

Epididymis

Testes : Epidiymis on top

Contains seminiferous tubules

Cells: Leydig cells : secrete testosterone

• in stroma surrounding individual tubules

• Lining: stratified seminiferous epithelium

• Inside: Sperm/spermatozoa

• next to sperm: spermatids (small/early)

• Outside(larger): spermatogonia

Sertoli cells: Lighter stained than spermatogonia, help develop germ cells.

Epididymis

Function: sperm transport and maturation

Histology things:

Principal cells: long, pseudostratified/simple columnar epithelium

basal cells

stereocilia(on principal cells)

Spermatozoa (in middle)

Know layers of vans deferens + why it has so much muscle

Thin lumen pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

thick muscle layers bc it needs to work against gravity

Function: carry sperm from epididymis

Lamina propria

inner longitudinal

middle circular

Seminal vesicle webbing cells (type)

Simple columnar and pseudostratified epthelia

Mucous membrane function in seminal vesicles

Liquid IV, keeping sperm moist

Prostatic Concretion function (prostate)

UNKNOWN - but important histological sign of prostate

Pseudostratified columnar and simple cuboidal cells surrounding

Know 5 major components of prostate secretion

Lipids

Proteolytic enzymes

Acid phosphotase

Fibrinolysin

Citric acid

Prostate Gland

secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm

Glands of male reprod. system to know

Seminal Vesicles + prostate gland

Penis has what structure seen in osteal tissue?

Fibrous trabeculae

Penis corpus cavernosum vs Spongiosum

Stains to know

Pams, pas, mason’s trichrome, ihc, wright, giemsa, acid fast, silver stain, reticulin, elastin, neuro ones

Oral Cavity contains:

Mouth/lips and Tongue

Oral Cavity Glands

Submandibular (mostly serous mix), Sublingual (mostly mucous mix), and Parotid (serous only)

Alimentary Canal Parts

Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines (LESS)

Extramural Glands

Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Liver

Small Intestine Parts

Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

Large Intestine Parts

Cecum, Colon, Appendix, Rectum, Anal Canal

Lip Sections:

Inner and Outer

Outer lip Hallmarks

Can be keratinized,

non-keratinized, and

para keratinized.

• Vermilion zone

• Sebaceous gland

• Muscular core

• Rete Ridges

Describe the major sections in this Image of the []

[Outer Lip]

Hf- Hair follicles

Sg: Sebaceous Glands

D: Dermis

E: Epidermis

Keratinization of the Lip

Outer lip (with hair

follicles) is keratinized

2. Vermillion zone is Para

keratinized in the early

transition and becomes

non-keratinized

3. inner lip is non-

keratinized but

epithelium becomes very

thick compared to the

other two.

Describe the major sections in this Image of the []

[Inner Lip]

Rete Ridges (RR)

Vascular Supply (BV)

Core (C)

Connective Papillae (CP)

Skeletal Muscle (SM)

Vermilion Zone (VZ)

Tongue Differences from the Mouth

No Vermillion Zone, has wispy taste bud structures on top of itself.

Tongue Overview

Hallmarks

• Intrinsic muscle-

superior, vertical,

inferior and horizontal

(not shown)

• 3 pairs of salivary glands

• Lingual papillae

• Filiform-keratinized

(no taste buds)

• Fungiform-non-

keratinized (few

taste buds,

mushroom shape)

• Circumvallate

Difference between filiform and fungiform papillae

filiform: keratinized, wispy structure on top

fungiform: non keratinized, thicker dome like shape

Circumvallate Papillae vs Fungiform papillae

Circumvallate papillae have gaps on sides, flower like shape, and glands of von ebner

Tongue breakdown image

Tongue breakdown of taste buds 2

What kind of secretion is the glands of von ebner?

Serous

What are the “Oral Glands”

Notes: parotid is the darkest, followed by submandibular, and then sublingual. Sublingual has the most fat within it.

Identification of the Oral Glands Flow Chart

Alimentary Canal Region 1

Esophagus

Esophagus notes

Right next to the lumen of trachea, so will see hyaline cartilage nearby if it is a wider image

Lumen of the esophagus is what shaped

open heart or “m” shaped

Name the important structures of the Mucosa of the esophagus

Dot: muscularis Mucosae

Triangle: Epithelium

L: lamina propria

What kind of muscle is the muscularis mucosae?

smooth muscle

what kind of epithelium lines top of esophageal mucosa?

Stratified Squamous, non-keratinized epithelium

Esophageal lamina propria is what kind of tissue?

Loose CT

Esophageal Submucosa is made out of ?

Dense irregular connective tissue and glands

Overarching Esophageal Layers [including muscularis externa]

STAIN: AFB GO

(Acid-Fast Bacteria): Finds and differentiates acid-fast

bacteria (EX: bacteria that cause TB and leprosy)

An acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain is typically used to see bacteria in lung tissue, lymph nodes, and skin biopsies

STAIN PAS GO

(Periodic Acid Schiff): Finds and differentiates simple

polysaccharides, neutral mucins, basement membranes, fungus

sometimes used in the renal system (kidneys)

Masson’s Trichrome stain GO

Demonstrates presence and density of

fibrosis in tissue. Differentiates CT muscle and cellular

components

Diff Quick STAIN GO

Diff Quik: Finds and differentiates H. pylori and other bacteria

non-differentially

Colloidal IRON GOOO

Finds and differentiates epithelial and CT mucins,

renal cell carcinoma, mast cell granules, calcium salts, etc.

Giemsa/Wright Stain GO

Differentiates blood cells

Gram Stain GO

Differentiates Gram positive and negative bacteria

Mucicarmine STAIN GO

Finds and differentiates epithelial acid

mucopolysaccarides and cryptococcus neoformans

Hall’s Bile stain GO

Finds and differentiates bile, hemosiderin, and

lipofuchsin

IHC stain GO

silver stain, Uses specially

labeled antibodies that bind to the proteins of interest

Alimentary Canal first HALF table

Alimentary Canal Region 2

The stomach

The stomach breakdown

stomach layers

Stomach muscle layers

Junctions: Gastro esophageal

Cardiac glands, esophagus (stratified squamous keratinized)

Cardiac stomach (simple comlumnar)

Small intestine table

Duodenum Hallmarks

crypts (of lieberkuhn)

brunners glands (looks like bowman’s glands)

muscularis mucosae

between crypt: lacteals, and villi on top of lacteal.

paneth cells at bottom of crypt

Identification of alimentary canal flow chart

Pancreas + Liver

Pancreas: dark stained, zymogen granules: centroacinar cells (stain lighter) islets of langerhans: endocrine and exocrine. Liver: looks like ground beef with big central veins and portal veins (portal got multiple holes goin on)

Muscle Classifications

Striated/Non- Is there contractile units present

Voluntary/Involuntary - do you have control over it

Types of muscle

Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac

Classifications for three different types of muscle

Smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary contraction

Skeletal Muscle: Striated, voluntary contraction

Cardiac Muscle: Striated, Involuntary contraction

Skeletal Muscle Layers

Epimysium: connective tissue surrounding muscle

Perimysium: Connective tissue surrounding Fasicles

Endomysium: Connective tissue around muscle cells

Skeletal Fasicle

Group of muscle cells

Skeletal Muscle cell (myocyte) components

Myofibrils (actin and myosin filaments)

Sarcolemma: myocyte plasma membrane

Nuclei: Multiple by periphery of cell

Sarcoplasm: myocyte cytoplasm

Longitudinal Smooth Muscle

“Hot dog” shape

nuclei stained dark by periphery

Longitudinal lines: are striations made by myofibrils (myosin and actin filaments aligned in sarcomere)

Endomysium (white separations

Skeletal Muscle is anchored to bone by what?

Tendons: connect the epimysium (outer layer of CT covering muscle) to the periosteum (outer layer of bone)

Skeletal Muscle Cross Section can see which mysium best

PERIMYSIUM

Skeletal Muscle Cross Section Hallmarks

Endomysium

Perimysium

Muscle fiber

Peripherally located nuclei

Cardiac Muscle is what kind of muscle?

heart muscle :)

Cardiac Muscle Hallmarks

Striations, SINGLE nucleus, intercalated disks, involuntary contraction

What is the function of Intercalated disks

adhesion, and signal transduction(passing ions)

Difference in Nuclei Shape between skeletal and cardiac muscle

cardiac muscle has more circular nuclei whereas skeletal nuclei are more fried egg shape

Cardiac Muscle (longitudinal)

Hallmarks: Intercalated Discs, endomysium (CT)

Cardiac muscle makes up wall of the ??

Heart (myocardium)

Cardiac Muscle Cross Section Hallmarks

centrally located nuclei and perimysium

Smooth Muscle Hallmarks

Spindle Shaped cells (Fusiform), NON STRIATED (actin myosin mesh not sarcomere), centrally located nuclei, and involuntary contraction

Where are smooth muscle cells found?

walls of hollow organs:

stomach

intestines

urinary bladder

and

uterus

in the walls of passageways:

arteries and veins of the circulatory system

and the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.

In the eyes:

the ciliary muscles, a type of smooth muscle, dilate

and contract the iris.

What kind of Muscle is this

Smooth muscle (longitudinally)

Hallmarks:

non-striations

nuclei

Cross section: MORE FATTY LOOKING VERSION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE (or less marbled, cells clumps closer together)

Muscle Longitudinal Sections (identify)

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth (from left to right)

Muscle Cross Sections

Skeletal, Cardiac, smooth (left to right)

Muscle overview Table

Neurons + Types:

Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar

Multipolar: one signal to multiple axons; seen in brain and spinal cord

Bipolar: Found in retina or eye, upper section (ROOF) of nasal cavity and inner ear

Unipolar: found in dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves.

Neuron Parts:

Nucleus, cell body/soma, dendrite, Axon hillock, myelin sheath, node of ranvier, schwann cell, Axon terminal

Sympathetic Ganglion (sympathetic nervous system)

Sections of the Peripheral Nerve

the NEURIUMS

Epineurium/Perineurium

Peripheral Nerve (close)