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measurement
determining the description or the amount of some property of an object that is of interest to the researcher
person administered survey
an interviewer reads questions, either face to face or over the telephone, to the respondent and records his or her answers without the use of a computer
Advantages of person administered surveys
Feedback, rapport, quality control, and adaptability
Disadvantages of person administered survey
Humans make errors, slow speed, high cost, fear of interview evaluation
Interview evaluation
may occur when another person is involved in the interviewing process and some respondents are apprehensive that they are answering "correctly “.
Computer assited survey
the interviewer basically verbalizes the questions while relying to some degree on computer technology to facilitate the interview work
Mixed mode surveys
sometimes referred to as hybrid surveys, use multiple data collection modes
Mall intercept survey
the respondent is encountered and question while here she is visiting a shopping mall
In office survey
takes place in person while they responded as in his or her office or perhaps in a company lounge area
Central location, telephone surveying
involves a field data collection company housing a multitude of telephone lines at one location from which the interviewers make calls
Computer-assisted telephone, interviews, (CATI)
each interviewer is equipped with a hands-free headset and a seated in front of a computer screen that has driven by the company’s computer system
Fully automated surveys
the survey is administered by a computer, but not online
The Internet based questionnaire
the respondent answers questions online, has become the industry standard for surveys and virtually all high penetrated countries
Group self administered survey
entails administering a questionnaire to respondents in groups rather than individually for convenience and gain economies of scale
Drop off survey
the survey representative approaches, a prospective respondent, introduces the general purpose of the survey to the prospect and leaves it with the respondent to fill out on his or her own
Mail survey
the questions are mailed to prospective residence who are asked to fill them out and return them to the researcher by mail
Non-response
refers to questionnaires that are not returned
Self selection bias
those who do not respond, are probably different from those who do not fill out the questionnaire and return it. Therefore, the sample gained through this method is not representative of the general population.
Panel company
recruits large numbers of potential respondents who agreed to take part in surveys for compensation
Incidence rate
referring to the percentage of the population that possesses some characteristic necessary to be included in the survey
Properties
the specific features or characteristics of an object that can be used to distinguish it from another object
Objective properties
physically, verifiable characteristics, such as age income, number of bottles purchased, store last visited, and so on
Subjective properties
cannot be directly observed because there are mental constructs, such as a person's attitude or intentions
Scale development
design designing questions and response formats to measure the subjective properties of an object
Ordinal measures
permit the researcher to rank order the respondents or their responses
Scale measures
those in which the distance between each level is known. There are two types of scale measures.
Ratio scale
one in which a true zero origin exist, such as an actual number of purchases in a certain time period, dollar spent, Miles travel, number of children in the household, or years of college education
Interval scale
measures rating skills for subjective properties where, for adjacent levels, the distance is normally defined as one skill unit. For example, a coffee brand rated three and taste in one unit away from one rated four.
Workhorse scales
scale formats found time again on questionnaires
The Likert scale
respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree – disagree scale for each of a series of statements
Lifestyle inventory
takes into account, the values and personality traits of people as reflected in their unique activities, interest, and opinions toward their work
Semantic differential scale
contains a series of bipolar adjectives for the various properties of the object understudy and respondents indicate their impressions of each property by indication locations along its continuum.
Halo effect
a general feeling about a store brand that can bias a respondent impressions on it specific properties
A Stapel scale
relies not on bipolar terms, but on positive and negative numbers typically ranging from +5 to -5
Symmetric interval scale
"balanced "as it has equal amounts of positive and negative positions, and typically it has "no opinion "or “neutral” separating the negative and positive
Nonsymmetric interval scale
has mainly degrees of positive positions
Reliable measure
a respondent response in the same way or very similar manner to an identical or identical question
Valid measure
Refers to accuracy of the statement. The response is true.
Questionnaire design
a systematic process in which the researcher contemplates various question formats, considers a number of factors characterizing the survey at hand, words, the various questions carefully, organize the questionnaires layout, and ultimately launches the survey
Question bias
Defined as the ability of a questions, wording or format to influence respondents answers
Question development
the practice of selecting appropriate response, formats and wording questions that are understandable, unambiguous, and unbiased
Question evaluation
Amounts to scrutinizing the wording of a question to ensure that question bias is minimized and that the question is worded so that respondents understand it, and can respond to it with relatives
A leading question
gives a strong key or expectation as to what answer to provide
Loaded question
Has buried in its wording elements, a sneaky presupposition, or it might make reference to universal beliefs or rules of behavior
A double barrel question
really two different question posed in one question. With two questions post together, it is difficult for a respondent to answer either one directly.
Overstated question
places, undo emphasis on some aspect of the topic. It uses what might be considered "dramatic " to describe the topic.
Face validity
the questions "look right “
Questionnaire organization
is the sequence or "flow” of statements and questions that make up a questionnaire
Introduction
set the stage, it is what a potential respondent reads or hears before he or she begins answering survey questions
Undisguised survey
the sponsoring company is identified
Disguised survey
The sponsor's name is not divulged to respondent
Incentives
offers to do something for the respondent to increase the prof probability that the respondent will participate in the survey
Anonymity
the respondent is not known, and therefore is assured that neither the respondents name nor any identifying designation will be associated with his responses
Confidentiality
the respondents name is known by the researcher, but not default to a third-party, namely, the client.
Screening questions
used to ferret out respondents who do not meet the qualifications necessary to take part in the research study
Warm-up questions
simple and easy to answer questions that are used to get the respondent interest and to demonstrate the ease of responding to the research request
Transitions
statements or questions you still let the respondents know that changes in question topic or format are about to begin
Skip question
affects which question will be answered next
Classification questions
almost always include demographic questions, used to classify respondents into various groups for purpose of analysis
Computer assisted questionnaire design
Refers to software that allows users to use computer technology to develop and disseminate questionnaires and retrieve and analyze data gathered by the questionnaire
Skip logic
let the questionnaire designer direct the online survey to skip questions based on answers given to the previous questions
Display logic
similar to logic, the survey displays or asked questions that are appropriate based on their respondents prior answers
Coding
using numbers associated with question response options to facilitate data analysis after the survey has been conducted
"All that apply" question
ask response to select more than one item from a list of possible responses
Developing question best practices
Should be focused and specific
Should be brief, no unnecessary words
Should be grammatically simple
Be crystal clear
No leading questions
No loaded questions
No double barrel questions
Do not overstate the situation
What to have in the introduction
who is doing the survey
What is the survey about?
How/why they were selected to participate
Assure anonymity and confidentiality
Offer an incentive for their participation if that is part of the equation
Is generally a good idea not to reveal who commissioned the research as it might buy us the respondent
Be quick
Questionnaire body
comprised of question blocks, which are sets of questions that pertain to particular topics