Point of Care Testing and Laboratory Procedures

Clinical laboratory improvement amendments (CLIA)

1988 amendment that regulates federal standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the US

Urinalysis

physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

Hematology

blood cell counts that determine RBCs, WBCs, and platelets of a blood specimen

Chemistry

chemicals found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, joint fluid, lipid profiles, and fasting glucose

Microbiology

studying bacteria, fungi, parasites, yeasts, and viruses

Cytology

microscope examination of cells for diagnostic purposes

Blood bank

processes and stores blood and blood products for transfusion and blood disorder treatments

Pregnancy testing

urine or blood is screened for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) antibodies, takes 5 minutes

Rapid streptococcus testing

throat swards are obtained to screen for group A streptococcus

Dipstick, tablet, or multi-stick urinalysis

screening tool of analytes that are excreted in the urine

Hemoglobin

machine is used to screen for the oxygen-carrying protein in whole blood, performed using capillary blood from a fingerstick

Spun hematocrit

fingerstick collection of blood is obtained in microcapillary tubes, which are centrifuged and evaluated for the percentage of red blood cells

Blood glucose

whole blood is analyzed in a glucometer for a quantitative glucose level and is a screening test for diabetes

Hemoglobin A1C

determines the approximate control of blood glucose levels over a 3-month period

Cholesterol testing

lipids are evaluated from a capillary blood sample

Helicobacter pylori

whole blood sample can screen for the presence of H. pylori antibodies

Mononucleosis screening

presence of the Epstein-Barr virus

Nasopharyngeal swab specimen for influenza types a and b

qualitative test for multiple antigens using a swab that is inserted into the nostril to obtain the sample specimen

Quality control

action is performed to ensure the reliability of test results by detecting and eliminating error

Quality assurance

maintenance of a desired level of quality related to a service or piece of equipment

Random urine

can be collected at any time of the day and is used for screening purposes

First morning specimen

collects their first urine specimen of the morning in a clean container

Scratch test

wheal occurs in the first 15 minutes, possible allergen

Intradermal test

wheal becomes inflamed with induration, possible allergen

Clean-catch midstream

urinate in the toilet, then pause and collect the rest of the urine specimen in a sterile container or until it is adequately filled (used for cultures or when a noncontaminated specimen is required)

24 hours sample

discards the first morning urine sample and collects all remaining urination specimen for the next 24 hours

Catheterized collection

used when a sterile urine sample is needed or if unable to provide a specimen on their own

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

lab test used to check stool samples for hidden (occult) blood

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

male 14 to 18 g/dL, female 12 to 16 g/dL

Hematocrit (Hct)

male 42% to 50%, female 37% to 47%

Complete blood count (CBC)

WBC, RBC, platelet, granulocyte ratio, Hgb, Hct, MCV

White blood cell count (WBC)

4,000 to 11,000/mm^3

Red blood cell count (RBC)

4.2 to 5.9 million/uL

Platelet count

150,000 to 450,000/mm^3

Granulocyte ratio

50% to 70%

MCV

80 to 98fL

20/20 vision

ability to see 20 feet what the average person sees at 20 feet

Ishihara test

vision test to assess for color deficiency

Spirometry (pulmonary function test)

detects the lungs ability to function, 3 breaths

Peak flow rates

device that measures the amount of air exhaled upon forceful exhalation

25 decibels

normal adult hearing

15 decibels

normal child hearing

Hemoglobin A1C

4% to 5.6%

Total cholesterol

130 to 200 mg/dL

Preanalytical

before specimen is collected

Analytic

when analysing specimen

Postanalytical

after specimen is analyzed

Fastest glucose

70 to 99 mg/dL

LDL

HDL

males >40 mg/dL, females >50 mg/dL

Triglycerides

Vitamin c and iron supplements

cause false positives for FOBT

Flat line

abnormal tympanogram appearance on a graph

Chain of custody

required when obtaining and transporting a drug screening to prevent any possibility of tampering with before the test is conducted

3 days

days prior to skin test should patient discontinue antihistamines