Lab 8: Amniotes; Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

What type of phylogenetic group is Clade Amniota

Monophyletic

What does Clade Amniota include

Mammals, reptiles, birds, extinct ancestors

The adaptations that Clade Amniota have are to be able to…

Live on land

What is Clade Amniota named after

Amniotic egg

The amniotic egg has evolved to be…

Fully terrestrial, laid on land

Outermost layer of the egg that protects from friction and abrasion associated with gravity; not necessarily hard, some soft shelled

Shell

What does the shell protect the egg from

Desiccation, abrasion, friction

How many membranes does the amniotic egg have

Four

What requirements do the four membrane layers in the amniotic egg meet

Water, waste, nutritional

Order of the four membranes in the amniotic egg from outermost to innermost

Chorion > amnion > yolk sac > allantois

Fused area of the chorion and the allantois

Chorioallantoic membrane

The opening behind the orbit (eye) on a skull

Temporal fenestra

The two big groups of skull types

Synapsids, saurapsids

Skull with ONE temporal fenestra

Synapsid skull

Synapsids includes what amniote

Mammals

Saurapsids include what skull types

Anapsid, diapsid

Saurapsids include what amniotes

Reptiles, birds, dinosaurs

Skull with NO temporal fenestra

Anapsid skull

Example of animal with anapsid skull type

Turtles

Skull with TWO temporal fenestra

Diapsid skull

Examples of animals with diapsid skull type

Birds, most modern reptiles

Label the green and blue box respectively

Temporal fenestra, orbit

What skull type is this

Synapsid skull

What skull type is this

Anapsid skull

What skull type is this

Diapsid skull

The two types of dentition in Clade Amniota

Homodont, heterodont

Dentition where tooth morphology is the same (teeth shape does not change)

Homodont (def)

What group possess homodont dentition

Most non mammalian vertebrates

Dentition where tooth morphology does differ

Heterodont

What group possess heterodont dentition

Most mammals

Membrane which helps to minimize water loss from the developing embryo

Chorion (def)

The membrane which originates from the ventral aspect of the embryo, encloses, the embryo, and encloses the amniotic fluid

Amnion (def)

The membrane which contains the yolk, the nutritive substance that will provide the nutritional requirements of the developing embryo

Yolk sac (def)

The innermost membrane within the shell

Allantois (def)

First function of the allantois

Stores nitrogenous wastes from embryo as uric acid

Second function of the allantois

Gas exchange for embryo

Dentition where animals retain their teeth throughout their lifetime

Monophyodonty

Examples of animals with monophyodonty

Toothed whales, dolphins

What are the two types of monophyodonty

Diphyodonty, polyphyodonty

Monophyodonty which have two successive sets of teeth

Diphyodonty

What group of animals experiences diphyodonty

Mammals

Monophyodonty which teeth are continuously replaced throughout their lifetime

Polyphyodonty

What group of animals experiences polyphyodonty

Reptiles

Classes within Clade Amniota

Mammalia, reptilia

Classes Mammalia and Reptilia are in Clade…

Clade Amniota

Characteristics of Class Mammalia

Hair, sebaceous glands, synapsid skull, endothermy, diphyodont teeth

Subclasses within Class Mammalia

Prototheria, theria

Subclasses Prototheria and Theria are in Class…

Class Mammalia

Order in Subclass Prototheria

Monotremata

Order Monotremata is in Subclass…

Subclass Prototheria

Characteristics of Order Monotremata

Egg laying, no nipples

How does Order monotremata still feed with milk without any nipples

Milk pooling

Common names of Order Monotremata

Platypus, echidna

Platypus and echidnas are in Order…

Order Monotremata

How many species are in Order Monotremata

One platypus, four echidna

Infraclasses in Subclass Theria

Metatheria, eutheria

Infraclasses Metatheria and Eutheria are in Subclass…

Subclass Theria

Order in Infraclass Metatheria

Marsupalia

Order Marsupalia is in Infraclass…

Infraclass Metatheria

Common names of Order Marsupalia

Kangaroos, koalas, opossum

Order Marsupalia give live birth to…

Underdeveloped embryos

Where do the underdeveloped embryos in Order Marsupalia finish development

In mother’s pouch

Common name of Infraclass Eutheria

Placental mammals

Placental mammals are in Infraclass…

Infraclass Eutheria

Characteristic that Infraclass Eutheria have

Belly button, umbilicus

Mother and embryo in Infraclass Eutheria exchange…

Gases, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes

How do the mother and embryo in Infraclass Eutheria exchange gasses, nutrients, and nitrogenous wastes

Capillary beds in placenta

Common names/modern reptiles of Class Reptilia

Squamates, tuataras, turtles, crocodilians, birds

Characteristics of Class Reptilia

Oviparity, dry/scaly skin, ectothermy, uric acid

Infraclasses in Class Reptilia

Lepidosauromorpha, archosauromorpha

Infraclasses Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha are in Class…

Class Reptilia

Orders in Infraclass Lepidosauromorpha

Sphenodonta, squamata

Orders Sphenodonta and Squamata are in Infraclass…

Infraclass Lepidosauromorpha

Common name of Order Sphenodonta

Tuataras

Tuataras are in Order…

Order Sphenodonta

Tuataras (Order Sphenodonta) possess a well developed…

Parapineal

Do tuataras (Order Sphenodonta) have lower or higher body temperatures

Lower

Common names of Order Squamata

Snakes, lizards, amphisbaenians

Snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians are in Order…

Order Squamata

Other name of amphisbaenians

Worm lizards

Superorder in Infraclass Archosauromorpha

Archosauria

Orders wtihin Superorder Archosauria

Chelonia, crocodilia, saurischia, ornithischia

Common name of Order Chelonia

Turtles

Characteristics of Order Chelonia

Keratinized beak, lack of teeth, bony shell, scales

What is the shell of Order Chelonia made of

Bony extensions of vertebrae and ribs

How are the bony extensions of vertebrae and ribs fused together in Order Chelonia

Dermal bone

Dorsal shell portion on Order Chelonia

Carapace

Ventral shell portion on Order Chelonia

Plastron

Common names of Order Crocodilia

Crocodiles, alligators, gharials

Characteristics of Order Crocodilia

Double palate, dorsal bone plates, laterally flattened tail

Order Ornithischia are known as

Bird hipped dinosaurs

Common names of Order Ornithischia

Hadrosaurs, stegosaurus, triceratops

Order Saurischia are known as

Lizard hipped dinosaurs

Common names of Order Saurischia

Tyrannosaurus rex, velociraptors, sauropods, birds

Birds are in Order Saurischia even though they resemble Order Ornithischia, the similarity is due to what kind of evolution

Convergent

Clade in Clade Amniota

Aves

Clade Aves is in Clade

Clade Amniota

Common name of Clade Aves

Birds

What reproductive mode do birds (Clade Aves) possess

Oviparity

Adaptations for flight in Clade Aves

Feathers, keratinous beak, lung, keel, synsacrum