Exam 3: Labs 14-24

Flashcards for Exam 3 Labs 14-24

What is a flagella?

Bacteria use this structure instead of cilia.

What is a whip-like motion?

Eukaryotic flagella move in this way, while bacterial flagella move differently.

What are the shaft, hook, and filament?

These are the three main parts of a bacterial flagellum.

What are 4 rings?

Gram-negative bacteria have these extra structures in their flagellar shaft.

What is the outer membrane?

Gram-positive bacteria lack this structure, which is why their flagella have fewer rings.

What are wet mounts, hanging drop slides, and semisolid media?

This is how motility is determined in the Microbiology lab.

What is a hanging drop slide?

This type of slide involves a drop of cells placed on a cover glass over a concave depression.

What is 0.4%?

The agar concentration used in semisolid media to observe bacterial motility.

What is cloudy medium after incubation (or color diffusion)?

This result indicates that organisms are motile in semisolid media.

What is growth only along the line of inoculation?

This result indicates that organisms are non-motile in semisolid media.

What is directional motility (true motility)?

This type of bacterial movement is purposeful.

What is Brownian motion?

This type of movement is caused by molecular bombardment of cells.

What is water-current movement?

This type of movement is simply due to the movement of the surrounding liquid.

What is phage typing?

This is used to classify bacteria based on their susceptibility to bacteriophages.

What is lysis of the organism?

In phage typing, this result indicates susceptibility to a particular bacteriophage.

What are FTM tubes?

These tubes are used for inoculating bacteria to test the effects of oxygen on growth.

What are obligate (strict) aerobes?

These organisms must grow in oxygen.

What are Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, and Bacillus?

Name three examples of obligate aerobes.

What are microaerophiles?

These organisms prefer to grow in oxygen concentrations of 2-10%.

What are facultative anaerobes?

These organisms can grow with or without oxygen.

What is E. coli?

Give an example of a facultative anaerobe.

What are aerotolerant anaerobes?

These organisms can tolerate oxygen but don't require it.

What are Streptococci and Enterococcus faecalis?

Give two examples of aerotolerant anaerobes.

What are obligate (strict) anaerobes?

These organisms cannot tolerate oxygen.

What are Clostridium and Bacteroides?

Give two examples of obligate anaerobes.

What are fermentation or anaerobic respiration?

Obligate anaerobes carry out these processes.

What is the Kirby-Bauer Method?

This standardized antimicrobial testing method determines sensitivity or resistance.

What is Mueller-Hinton II Agar?

The specific type of agar used in the Kirby-Bauer Method.

What is 7.2-7.4?

The specific pH range of the agar used in the Kirby-Bauer Method.

What is 4mm?

The specific thickness of the agar used in the Kirby-Bauer Method.

What is starch?

This component of Mueller-Hinton II agar absorbs toxins produced by bacteria.

What is a big Zone of Inhibition?

In the Kirby-Bauer test, this size of zone of inhibition indicates sensitivity.

What is no Zone of Inhibition?

In the Kirby-Bauer test, this indicates resistance.

What are antibiotics?

These substances are naturally produced by microorganisms to inhibit or kill other microorganisms.

What is Penicillin?

This antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

What are semi-synthetics?

These antimicrobials are chemically synthesized in the lab.

What are sulfa drugs?

These were the first discovered antimicrobials.

What are antiseptics?

These substances are gentle enough to be applied to living tissue.

What are alcohol or betadine?

Give two examples of antiseptics.

What are endospores?

Antiseptics do not destroy these.

What are disinfectants?

These chemical agents are applied to inanimate objects.

What are sterilants/sporicides?

These kill all microbial life including endospores.

What is ethylene oxide?

Give an example of a sterilant/sporicide.

What are sanitizers?

These agents reduce microbial numbers to safe levels.

What are bacteriostatic agents?

These only inhibit the growth of bacterial cells.

What are bactericidal agents?

These kill bacterial cells.

What are viricides?

Prions are resistant to these.

What is the zone of inhibition?

The size of this is used to evaluate antiseptics and disinfectants.

What are O/F Glucose Tests?

These tests are used to identify whether an organism is oxidative or fermentative.

What is a fermentative organism?

This type of organism can break down glucose in the presence or absence of oxygen.

What is an oxidative organism?

This type of organism requires oxygen to metabolize glucose.

What is Yellow/Yellow?

This O/F glucose test result indicates fermentative metabolism.

What is Green/Yellow?

This O/F glucose test result indicates oxidative metabolism.

What is Green/Green?

This O/F glucose test result indicates that glucose is not metabolized.

What are Carbohydrate Fermentations (Phenol Red Broths)?

These tests determine if an organism ferments a sugar.

What is Yellow?

This result in carbohydrate fermentation tests indicates acid production.

What is Red?

This result in carbohydrate fermentation tests indicates no fermentation or acid production.

What is Magenta/Pink?

This result in carbohydrate fermentation tests indicates alkaline conditions.

What is the Indole Production Test?

This test determines the ability of a bacterium to break down tryptophan.

What is Red after addition of Kovac’s reagent?

This result in the Indole Production Test indicates indole production.

What is Yellow after addition of Kovac’s reagent?

This result in the Indole Production Test indicates a negative result.

What is the Mixed-Acid Fermentation (Methyl Red Test)?

This test differentiates some gram-negative bacteria based on mixed-acid fermentation.

What is Red?

This result in the Methyl Red Test indicates positive for mixed-acid fermentation.

What is Yellow?

This result in the Methyl Red Test indicates negative for mixed-acid fermentation.

What is Escherichia?

Name one species that produces mixed acids.

What is the 2,3-Butanediol Fermentation (Voges-Proskauer Test)?

This test determines if an organism produces a neutral end product (Butanediol).

What is Red after addition of Barritt’s reagent?

This result in the Voges-Proskauer Test indicates a positive reaction.

What is Yellow after addition of Barritt’s reagent?

This result in the Voges-Proskauer Test indicates a negative reaction.

What is Enterobacteria?

Name one species that is positive for the Voges-Proskauer test.

What is the Citrate Test?

This test determines if an organism can import and utilize citrate.

What is Bromothymol blue?

This pH indicator is used in the Citrate Test.

What is Prussian blue?

This result in the Citrate Test indicates a positive reaction.

What is Dark green?

This result in the Citrate Test indicates a negative reaction.

What is Enterobacter aerogenes?

Name one species that is positive for the Citrate test.

What is negative?

If positive for the VP test, it is for the methyl red test.

What is the Oxidase Test?

This test identifies the presence of cytochrome oxidase.

What is purple/blue swab?

This result in the Oxidase Test indicates a positive reaction.

What is yellow swab?

This result in the Oxidase Test indicates a negative reaction.

What is Pseudomonas?

This species is oxidase-positive.

What is Enterobacteriaceae?

This family is oxidase-negative.

What is N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine?

This is the artificial electron acceptor used in the Oxidase Test.

What is the Catalase Test?

This test determines if an organism produces catalase.

What is vigorous bubbling?

This result in the Catalase Test indicates a positive reaction.

What are oxygen and water?

Catalase degrades hydrogen peroxide into these products.

What is streptococci?

Which family doesn't possess catalase?

What is the Nitrate Reduction Test?

This test determines if an organism can use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor.

What is dark red color after addition of reagents?

This result in the Nitrate Reduction Test indicates a positive reaction.

What is zinc?

__ is added to the Nitrate Reduction test

What is Klinger’s iron agar?

This test medium determines fermentation reactions for glucose, lactose, and H2S production.

What is SIM?

This test medium determines hydrogen sulfide, indole production, and motility.

What is glucose fermentation only?

Red slant, Yellow butt means?

What is glucose and lactose/sucrose fermentation?

Yellow slant, Yellow butt means?

What is no fermentation of either sugar?

Red slant, Red butt means?

What is hydrogen sulfide produced?

Black precipitate =?

What is -, -, +, +

E. Aerogens IMViC test results?

What is +, +, -, -

E. Coli IMViC test result?

What is +, +, -, -

P. Vulgaris IMViC test result?

What is a 'bunch of grapes'?

Appearance of Staphylococci under microscope

What is gram-positive spherical bacteria?

This is a characteristic of staphylococci.

What is the scientific identification test performed on Staphylococci?

What is Mannitol Fermentation?