Crimes Against Women Class

What is the general definition of Rape?

Rape is defined as non-consensual sexual intercourse that occurs through force, threat of force, manipulation, or without the capacity of one party to consent.

What historical belief led to the marital rape exemption?

The belief was that marriage implied permanent consent to sexual relations.

What was one major legislative change regarding marital rape in the U.S. by 1993?

Marital rape was criminalized in all 50 states.

What does the social construction of gender refer to?

It refers to how societies define and enforce norms around masculinity and femininity.

Name a common victim-blaming myth about sexual assault.

Victim-Blaming Myths suggest that victims are responsible due to their clothing, behavior, or location.

What disturbing behavior patterns did the Undetected Rapist video reveal?

Rapists often use manipulation and coercion rather than overt physical force, and they tend to be repeat offenders.

What does the statistic '1 in 3 women, 1 in 4 men' indicate?

It indicates the prevalence of sexual assault and abuse, suggesting approximately one-third of women and one-fourth of men will experience some form of sexual violence.

What are the basic definitions of prostitution?

Prostitution is the exchange of sexual services for money or goods.

List one type of prostitution.

Street Prostitution is conducted in public areas where soliciting clients is more visible.

What does the term 'Survival Sex' mean in the context of prostitution?

Survival sex involves individuals exchanging sex for necessities like food, shelter, or protection.

What does the PROTECT Act aim to achieve?

The PROTECT Act strengthens protections for children against exploitation and establishes stricter penalties for child exploitation offenses.

What is domestic violence (DV) also known as?

Domestic violence is also referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV).

What is the goal of domestic violence?

The goal of domestic violence is to maintain control over the victim.

Name one common myth of domestic violence.

The myth that victims provoke abuse blames victims rather than holding perpetrators accountable.

What is defined as stalking?

Stalking is characterized by repeated, unwanted behavior aimed at a specific person, leading to fear, intimidation, or harm.

What is cyberstalking?

Cyberstalking is stalking that takes place using digital means, such as social media and online communication tools.

What does the Cycle of Violence model describe?

The Cycle of Violence model describes a recurring pattern observed in abusive relationships, including tension-building, acute explosion, and honeymoon phases.

Identify one long-term effect of victimization in domestic violence.

Victims may experience psychological impact like depression, anxiety, and PTSD.

What kind of myths exist around child pornography?

Myths like 'It's a victimless crime' downplay the harm caused to victims and perpetuate the demand for abusive material.

What is one of the main challenges in controlling child pornography?

Balancing privacy and surveillance, as controlling child pornography requires monitoring online activity.

What is the primary purpose of 'John Schools'?

'John Schools' aim to educate clients arrested for soliciting prostitution to reduce recidivism.

What are some severe effects of victimization in prostitution?

Victimization in prostitution can lead to physical harm, psychological trauma, economic exploitation, and social isolation.

What types of physical harm do sex workers often face?

Sex workers often face physical violence, sexually transmitted infections, and lack of access to regular medical care.

What psychological issues can result from victimization in prostitution?

Victims may experience PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance dependency.

What is a form of economic exploitation in prostitution?

Individuals controlled by traffickers or pimps typically receive little to no fair compensation for their work.

How does stigma affect victims of prostitution?

Stigma and lack of support can lead to social isolation, making it hard for victims to seek help or exit the industry.

What is the definition of child pornography?

Child pornography is any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor, typically someone under 18.

What are different types of child pornography?

Types include photographic images, video content, digital/animated content, and virtual/simulated content.

What was the impact of the internet on child pornography?

The rise of the internet in the 1990s greatly increased the production and distribution of child pornography.

What is the PROTECT Act?

The PROTECT Act is a U.S. law enacted in 2003 that strengthens protections against child exploitation.

List one provision of the PROTECT Act.

One provision increases mandatory minimum sentences for child exploitation offenses.

What common myth suggests child pornography doesn't harm anyone?

The myth that it's a victimless crime ignores the real harm and re-victimization of those depicted.

Why is controlling child pornography challenging?

It is challenging due to issues like balancing privacy and surveillance, technological advancements, and enforcing laws consistently.

What are some psychological effects of child pornography on victims?

Victims often experience PTSD, depression, anxiety, and long-lasting trauma.

What stigma affects victims of child pornography?

Victims may suffer from guilt and shame due to societal stigma, impacting their self-esteem and mental health.

What forms can domestic violence take?

Domestic violence can manifest as physical abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, sexual abuse, financial abuse, and stalking or digital abuse.

What is the primary goal of domestic violence?

The primary goal of domestic violence is to maintain control over the victim.

What historical view supported domestic violence?

Historically, domestic violence was often justified by the belief that wives were the property of their husbands.

What significant legislation was passed in the U.S. to address domestic violence?

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994 was landmark legislation providing resources for victim protection and offender prosecution.

How do patriarchal norms contribute to domestic violence?

Patriarchal norms contribute to domestic violence by normalizing male control over women and reinforcing traditional gender roles.

What common myth about domestic violence impacts victim support?

The myth that victims provoke abuse blames victims and hinders accountability for perpetrators.

What is the prevalence of domestic violence globally?

Approximately 1 in 3 women globally experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence in their lifetime.

What does the Power and Control Wheel illustrate?

The Power and Control Wheel illustrates the tactics abusers use to maintain dominance, such as intimidation, emotional abuse, and economic control.

What are the phases of the Cycle of Violence?

The phases include Tension-Building, Acute Explosion, and Honeymoon Phase.

What are the psychological effects of domestic violence on victims?

Victims may experience trauma

What are the physical health consequences of domestic violence?

Victims may suffer from injuries, chronic pain, and conditions like gastrointestinal disorders or hypertension, often due to long-term stress and trauma.

What are some psychological impacts of victimization in domestic violence?

Common issues include depression, anxiety, PTSD, and difficulty forming trusting relationships.

What social and economic issues do victims of domestic violence often face?

Many experience isolation, financial hardship, and employment disruption, which limits their independence.

What is the intergenerational impact of domestic violence?

Children exposed to domestic violence are at higher risk for emotional and behavioral issues, and may perpetuate or experience abuse in future relationships.

What is the definition of stalking?

Stalking is characterized by repeated, unwanted behavior aimed at a specific person, leading to fear, intimidation, or harm.

What is the definition of cyberstalking?

Cyberstalking is stalking that occurs through digital means, such as social media or emails, often including persistent unwanted messages.

When did stalking begin to receive legal attention?

Stalking began to receive legal attention in the late 20th century, with California criminalizing it in 1990.

How has cyberstalking emerged as a legal issue?

Cyberstalking laws have been enacted in response to challenges like anonymity and digital harassment that arose with increased internet usage.

What are traditional gender roles' influence on stalking?

Traditional gender roles may normalize control in relationships, often minimizing or justifying stalking behavior.

What stigma do male victims of stalking face?

Male victims may experience shame or stigma for being victimized, leading to underreporting due to societal expectations.

What is one trend in the prevalence of stalking in the U.S.?

About 1 in 6 women and 1 in 17 men report experiencing stalking in their lifetime, often by someone they know.

What age group is most commonly affected by stalking?

Stalking is most common among young adults aged 18-24, with women being disproportionately targeted.

How do societal views contribute to victim-blaming in stalking cases?

Women reporting stalking by men may face skepticism suggesting they 'encouraged' the stalking, reflecting broader societal issues.

What disproportionate effects do women face in cyberstalking?

Women are often victims of online sexual harassment, reflecting patterns of objectification and societal entitlement.

How does mental health impact relate to experiences of cyberstalking?

The trivialization of cyberstalking overlooks its pervasive impact on mental health and social stability.

What percentage of stalking cases involve cyberstalking?

Approximately 1 in 4 stalking cases involve cyberstalking.

Who are the most likely targets of cyberstalking?

Women, young adults, and public figures are more likely to be targeted.

What are common digital tactics used in cyberstalking?

Cyberstalking methods include persistent unwanted messaging, tracking through social media, identity theft, and doxxing.

Which platforms are commonly used for cyberstalking?

Cyberstalkers often use social media, email, and messaging apps.

What misconception can lead to trivializing the severity of stalking?

The myth that 'stalking isn’t that serious' underestimates its traumatic impact.

What is a common misconception about the relationship between stalkers and victims?

The myth that 'only strangers stalk people' ignores that most stalkers are known to their victims.

Why is the belief that 'ignoring it will make it go away' dangerous?

Ignoring stalkers often escalates their behavior instead of discouraging it.

What is the status of stalking laws in the U.S.?

All 50 U.S. states have laws against stalking that address behaviors causing fear for the victim.

What legislative act includes protections against cyberstalking in the U.S.?

Cyberstalking protections are included within the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).

What was the tragic outcome of Peggy Klinke's case?

Peggy Klinke was murdered by her stalker in 2003 despite seeking legal protection.

What are common long-term psychological effects faced by victims of stalking?

Victims often experience anxiety, depression, PTSD, and hypervigilance.

What financial impacts do victims of stalking face?

Victims may deal with significant financial burdens from moving costs, legal fees, and lost income.

What key concept highlights the need for victim support in stalking cases?

Victims of stalking often experience social isolation due to fear and harassment.

What is a significant risk associated with stalking?

Stalking can escalate to physical violence and, in some cases, result in death.

What advocacy issues arise from Peggy Klinke's murder?

Her case highlights the need for stronger legislative