Purdue Com 204 Midterm Exam

Criticism

Careful attention that leads to a judgement, positive or negative

Argument

Sum total of reasoning = Claim + Support

(True/Valid = Sound)

Text

any communication artifact you can study

Thesis

On sentence summary of your argument

Soundnesss

Truth and Validity*

Standard in-text citation

(Author, Date).

Multiple Author Standard in-text citation

(Author & Author, Date). or (Author, Author, & Author, Date).

Italics are used when?

Book, journal, newspaper, and magazine titles

Citing names

use only initials for 1st and middle names

Ex: Doe, J. (2016)

Fallacies

Selected instances, Post Hoc, Red Herring, Pooh-poohing, and Straw Person

Selected Instances

Give a laminated number of non-represented examples

Post Hoc, Ego Proctor Hoc

Because of the fact after the fact

Red Herring

Emotional distraction

Pooh-poohing

ignoring the argument

Straw Person

Bringing up "no one else thinks" "most people think"

Sophists

1st to use rhetoric

"Gorgias"

not ethical

Sophistry = using language to manipulate for money

Plato

Doesn't like rhetoric

Socrates taught him?

Aristotle

Wrote the manual on rhetoric

Student of Plato

Taught Alexander the Great

Cicero

Must Have 3 Things: Talent/Intelligence, Training, & Practicing

5 canons of Rhetoric: Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, & Delivery

Augustine

Wisdom is important to write rhetoric

Fancy talk can be to much

"Time is Money"

Metonymy

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for the thing meant.

Ex: "the white house" "Brown"

Chiasmas

A reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases that create new meaning

Ex: "Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country"

Dialogue

literary form/genre

Dialectic

closest way to get to truth

opposite of rhetoric

Inartistic Proof

Using someone's data

Ex: case studies, quotations

Artistic Proof

Logos, Ethos, and Pathos

Logos

Logic

Ethos

Credibility

Pathos

Emotion

Classic Syllogism

major premise, minor premise, and conclusion

Ex: All men are moral, Socrates is a man, Socrates is moral

Enthymeme

an argument where one premise is not stated

Ex: Socrates is mortal, for all men are. If Socrates is a man, he is mortal

Correlation between Syllogisms and Enthymemes

Syllogisms are usually the foundation for enthymemes

Ceremonial Rhetoric

Asks the audience only to observe

To praise or honor

Ex: Memorial or Eulogy

Forensic Rhetoric

Asks the audience to judge the past

To attack or Defend

Ex: Court Case

Political Rhetoric

Asks the audience to judge the future

To do or not to do

Ex: Political Campaign

Kenneth Burk

Most rhetorical theorist of the 20th century

Connected literary criticism with rhetorical criticism

Argued fro balance between form and information

Form

The creation and satisfaction of an appetite in the reader/hearer

Brings Repeated enjoyment

Ex: Sitcoms, Princess Bride

Information

Relies more heavily of facts

Once consumed no longer interesting

Ex: Reality Tv Shows, Survivor

Burkes outlook on form and information

Info is bigger than form and Burke wanted balance

Rhetorical Situation

People create a text the text doesn't come out of thin air it is called into being by a rhetorical situation

3 parts of Rhetorical Situation

Exigency: Problem

Audience: Viewer

Constants: Solution

Invitational Rhetoric

Make a proposal then invite responses then change your argument bases on the responses

provide a balance to masculine, patriarchal rhetoric

Foss & Griffin

Organizational Rhetoric

Simplifies our lives but hides responsibility and lumps association

Tenor vs Vehicle

Tenor = helps carry the metaphor

Ex: War is Hell

Tenor: war Vehicle: hell

Orientational Metaphors

Vehicle is a direct connection to something physical

Ex: Happy is Up, Sad is Down

"The new Rhetoric"

Aristotle wasn't exactly right about ceremonial discourse, it can be an important foundation for persuasive claim

Identification

Audience bases

Requires Division

Leads to Consubstantiality

Consubstantiality

"a product or state of identification that leads an individual to see things from the perspective of a target - Cheney

4 types of identification

Associational, Dissociational, "We" Transcendence, and Unifying Symbols

Associational Identification

Same interest

Common ground

Congregation

Dissociational Identification

Same Enemies

"Identification through antithesis"

Segregation

"We" Transcendence Identification

Most important of the 4 identification appeals

Uses 1st person pronouns

Ex: we, us, our

Unifying Symbols Identification

A symbol known to a group that brings them closer

Gorgias

Voice were hearing Plato, purpose was to explain Plato's judgement of rhetoric, manipulate people to think/believe

"Argument is war." So much apart of how we communicate

Experience/knack/flattery

plato used to make fun of rhetoric, had trivial/ party tricks

Gorgias' translation of flattery

This translation indicates that flattery entails knowledge: either it is knowledge on how to manage mankind, or it is whatever knowledge is required for clever dealings with mankind

Ciceros 5 cannons

invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery

How to read an unconventional text

How to read an unconventional text

Skim over the text and see who the ad is advertising or if you are in the market for that, Consider the author and the context, discern purpose and evaluate credibility, quality, and thoroughness.

How to make a critical claim

A critical claim must be contestable, require evidence, and is more than just a summary. They require imagination, analysis, and evaluation. It's also a good idea to include definitions and assumptions.

The Princess Bride

is a good example of balance between form and information.

Disney

showed us that these things cannot be ruined by being told the ending, they're more focused on form. They were made for enjoyment and can be enjoyed repeatedly.

first day of contemporary rhetorical theory

we didn't use powerpoint that day because Burke values form over information.

Winston Churchill's 1940 speech

"we" transcendence, most famous example of "we"

Why we did the cartoon assignment

better understand enthymemes

Sound argument

you need truth and validity, if you don't have both then the argument isn't sound

Rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively

conduit metaphors

ideas or objects used in the ways of communication.

Cicero's 3 requirements

Practice, intelligence, training

Whose voice(s) do(es) Plato control in the Gorgias?

Gorgias, Socrates, Polus

Choose the statement that correctly describes the relationships among Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Socrates came first and was the main character in Plato's Gorgias. Aristotle came later and wrote a textbook on how to be a good rhetorician.

What word best describes metaphor, based on what we read from Lakoff and Johnson?

relationship

Plato's views on rhetoric are best expressed by which character in the Gorgias?

Socrates

Though several of these metaphors might be present in the allegory, which metaphor below is most important in the "Allegory of the Cave?"

Ignorance is dark; knowledge is light.