unit 1 bio

first step in viral infection

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attachment-In this stage, the virus binds to a cell surface receptor.

SECOND STEP IN VIRAL INFECTION

penetration- The virus enters the cell, and in the uncoating step, nucleic acid is released.

third step in viral infection

viral manufacturing (synthesis)- The virus enters the cell, and in the uncoating step, nucleic acid is released. next is biosyntrheis

fourth step in viral infection

assembly- in this stage, newly synthesized genome (nucleic acid), and proteins are assembled to form new virus particles.

5th step in viral infection

Exit- in this stage they release newly created viruses from the host cell

lytic cycle

viral life cycle where the virus destroys the host cell's DNA and makes proteins for a virus, the viruses then burst out of the cell. destroys the cell

lysogenic cycle

integrates itself into the cell's DNA and reproduces with the cell without destroying it.

what is a mad cow disease

a prion that is fatal and slowly destroys the brain and spinal cord of the host

prion

infectious protein, binds to the native protein in a neuron and turns it into itself

how to kill a prion since they are so resistant

burn or bury

parts of a bacteria

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear material, ribosome (sometimes capsule, flagella, pilli and /or spore)

how to bacteria reproduce

asexually through binary fission , transduction, transformation, or conjugation.

transformation

the cell absorbs extracellular dna, plasmid. horizontal gene transfer. very unlikely in the wild

transduction

bacteriophages bringin a chromosomal fragment into another bacterium. can be good can be bad

conjugation

horizontal gene transmission. dna transferring by a portal through a pilli.

binary fission

makes clones or genetically identical copies of the parent.

how do we get genetic diversity in bacteria

transformation, transduction, and conjugation

what is an endospore?

seeds that bacteria produce to survive in bad environemnts. very resistant to environmental hazards , can survive very dry and hot places

how are bacteria classified

by their shape, microscope and do the gramstain. This uses two dyes, main dye is the purple one, called crystal violet and it binds to peptidoglycan, so if the cell wall is very thick on the outside made of peptidoglycan, it will bind to this and turn purple. Other cells have a outer membrane and the purple cannot bind with the peptidoglycan, and we throw a pink dye in there as well and these cells turn pink. The purple cells are gram positive and the pink ones are gram negative. Gram positive means the antibiotic can work for this, if its pink it means the antibiotics cannot get access to the cell wall. 

cocci

spherical

bacilli

rods

spirilla

zig zags

photoautotrophic

light and carbon dioxide to go through photosythesis

photoheterotrophic

light energy is used but organic compounds are used for carbon

chemolithotrophic

oxidizing inorganic chemicals for energy

chemoheterotrophic

using organic compounds for energy and carbon

kochs postulates

a series of tests that can establich whether a microorganism is responsible for a specific disease

kochs 1 postulate

the microorganism must be abundant in all organisms suffering from the disease.

kochs 2nd postulate

the microorganism must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in a a pure culture

kochs 3rd postulate

the cultured microorganism must cause the disease when introduced to a healthy organism

kochs 4th postulate

the microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identify as being identical to the original one

archaea are

single celled organisms that lack a membrane inclosed nuclei

what kind of lipids do achaea have

ether linked

what kind of ribosomes do archaea have

70s

types of archaea

crenarchaeotes(extreme environments), halophiles (salt loving) , nanoarcheotes (smallest)

crenarchaeotes

often found in extreme environments like hot springs

halophiles

salt loving found in salt flats and salt lakes. they adapted to survive in high salt conditions by accumalating large amounts of potassium and other compatible solutes

nanoarcheotes

these are some of the smallest known archaea, with a size of only 400-500 nanometers. often found in association with other archaea and known to parasitize other microorganisms.

types of protists

protozoan, algae , and slime molds

protozoan

animal like

algae

plant like

slime molds

fungal like

types of alveolates

dinoflagellates and cilliates (paramecium)

dinoflagellates

characterized by their two flagella. photosynthetic

cilliates

characterized by their cillia, usually consume others for food

types of straemenophiles

diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes

diatoms

unicellular algae, incased in intricate walls made of sillica, important to the carbon cycle, produce about 1/5 of earths oxygen.

brown algae (kelp)

multicellular, found in cold marine waters.

oomycetes (water molds)

fungus like protists that can be pathogenic to plants and animals

rhizaria

super group of eukaryotes that includes amoeabas with pseudopods used for locomotion and feeding

types of rhizaria

foraminiferans and radiolorians

how do radiolorians and foraminiferans differ

differ in external morphology and composition of shells.

excavates

they are flagellate protozoans

types of excavates (flagellate protozoans

giardia ,trichomonas and euglena

sporangium does what in a protists

it makes mature fruiting structures that produces spore

green algae

believed to be the ancestors of modern land plants, complex life , sexual and asexual reproduction.

red algae

typically multicellular and are important in marine ecosystems for their ability to photoZYNthesize deep in water

fungi

a group of eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs and obtain nutrients by absorption

in fungie what do pores do within the septa

allow movement of organelles and other materials between compartments in sephate hypphae

the main vegetative portion of a mushroom is typically

much more extensive than the fruiting structure

Karyogamy

the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei

in chytrids reproduction what happens

sporgangium produces haploid zoospores that create the multicellular haploid chytrid. those MHC’s produces male and female gametes that fuze in the process called kayogomy. then the zygote is formed , and we get the multicellular diploid chytrid. then is RESTARTS

haploid hyphae is

TOWARDS THE TOP

diploid hyphae

toward the bottom

hyphae, the tissue of a fungi

septate and coenocytic

septate hyphae is

a cross wall that divides the hyphae into individual cells. the septa has small pores. this is used for controlled distribution of nutreints and organelles within the hyphae

coenocytic hypphae , on the other hand,

these are large , multinucleated cells. formed by repetitive mitosis without cytokinesis, resulting in multiple nuclei in each cell. more efficient at transporting because there is no barriers between them

chytridomycetes

microscopic, flagellated spores, has a motile stage

zygomycotsa

black bread mold, nonseptate , hyphae are haploid throughout life cycle; dikaryotic phase absent, three part sexual structure of zygospore and two vacated gametangia 

zygomycota mating cycle

dikaryote phase missing, zygosporangium fertilizes itself through karyogamy. producing a zygospore that creates a sporangiophore growth that produces spores

basidio mycots

club fungi, septate hyphae, dominant dikaryotic state, sexual reproduction yields basidia that bear haploid basidiospores. 

ascomycota

sac fungi, eptate hyphae, haploid for much of life cycle, dikaryotic cells restricted to fruiting body, sexual reproduction yields haploid ascospores in asci 

Plasmogamy

the fusion of two haploid cells, usually from different mating types, to form a dikaryotic cell with two nuclei. This dikaryotic cell is characterized by having two genetically distinct nuclei that do not fuse right away.

what is yeast

a unicellular ascomycete

what is lichen

a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (usually algae) lichen usually provides structure and absorbs nutrients while photosynthetic partner provides energy

mycorrhiza

a mutualistic relationship between fungus and roots of a plant. fungus nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) plant gets carbs

what is an animal

a multicellular eukaryotic organism that obtains nutrients by ingestion. ability to move and lack of cell walls

advantages of bilaterla symmetry

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* It allows for efficient movement and mobility
* It provides the ability to develop specialized body parts for specific functions
* It enables the development of complex nervous systems and sensory organs
* It allows for more precise and efficient feeding strategies
* It facilitates social interactions and communication between individuals.

steps in animal development

zygote

cleavage

morula

blastula

gastrula

blastopore

germlayers

what is a zygote?

1 a fertilized egg cell

what is cleavage?

2 rapid cell division without growth

what is morula?

3 a solid ball of cells

what is a blastula

4 a hollow ball of cells

what is the gastrula stage?

5 a stage where the blastula folds inwards to for a digestive cavity, creating two layers of cells : the ectoderm and endoderm

what is the blastopore stage?

6 the opening of the gastrula will eventually become the anus or the mouth

7 what is the germ layers ?

the three layers of cells that give rise to different structures within the animal

what are the germ layers

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

ectoderm?

the outer layer that gives rise to skin and nervous system

endoderm?

the inner layer that gives rise to the digestive system

mesoderm

the middle layer that gives rise to muscles, bones, and other internal organs

coelom

the body cavity that forms within the mesoderm, providing space between organs to grow and move.

diploblastic animals

have two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.

triploblastic

has all three layers

acoelemate animals

lack a body cavity, lack coloem of mesoderm

pseudocoelomates animals have

a body cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm, psuedocoelom

eucoelomate animals

have a true body cavity that is complelty lined with mesoderm, true coelom

porifera

sponges, they are animals

why are sponges considered animals

they develop a blastula

cnidaria

radially symmetrical, THESE ARE JELLY FISH

spiral cleavage forms the

mouth