A&P I Final Exam

Nerves, the brain, and nervous system

"What is the correct path for a reflex arc / control pathway?"

"Receptor -> Afferent pathway -> Control center -> Efferent pathway -> Effector"

"Which glial cell forms myelin in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?"

"Oligodendrocyte"

"Which glial cell supports neurons and helps form the blood-brain barrier?"

"Astrocyte"

"Which glial cell makes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lines the ventricles in the CNS?"

"Ependymal cell"

"Which glial cell is an immune cell in the CNS that protects the brain from pathogens?"

"Microglia"

"Which glial cell forms myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?"

"Schwann cell"

"What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?"

"Neuron"

"Which part of the neuron receives input from presynaptic neurons?"

"Dendrites"

"Which part of the neuron is normally the area in which an action potential is generated?"

"Axon hillock"

"Conduction of an action potential is fastest in neurons with a _____ diameter and in those that are _____."

"Large / Myelinated / Node of Ranvier"

"Which part of the neuron is the area in which an action potential is propagated (travels)?"

"Axon"

"When the action potential reaches this part of the neuron

it opens voltage-gated calcium channels:"

"_____ is what makes 'white matter' white and is formed in the PNS by _____."

"Myelin / Schwann cells"

"In which lobe of the brain is the primary motor cortex found?"

"Frontal lobe"

"In which lobe of the brain is the primary visual cortex found?"

"Occipital lobe"

"In which lobe of the brain is the primary auditory cortex found?"

"Temporal lobe"

"In which lobe of the brain is the primary somatosensory cortex found?"

"Parietal lobe"

"In which lobe of the brain is the primary gustatory cortex found?"

"Insula"

"The diencephalon consists of all the following EXCEPT:"

"Midbrain"

"The brainstem consists of all the following EXCEPT:"

"Thalamus"

"Which brain structure is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?"

"Midbrain / where fibers cross over"

"Functions of the cerebellum include all EXCEPT:"

"Important for making sense of taste and hearing"

"All of the following describe the cerebrum EXCEPT:"

"Cerebral gray matter is located mostly internally with white matter being the outer layer"

"All of the following are true regarding the ventricular system EXCEPT:"

"CSF flows from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle by way of the central canal"

"Protection of the brain is provided by:"

"All of these (Scalp/bone

"Major nerve arising from the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm:"

"Phrenic nerve"

"What is the largest nerve in the body?"

"Sciatic nerve"

"Cranial nerve that innervates most eye movement muscles and constricts the pupil:"

"Oculomotor nerve (CN III)"

"Only nerve that does NOT send sensory info through the thalamus and is responsible for smell:"

"Olfactory nerve (CN I)"

"Cranial nerve II that arises in the retina:"

"Optic nerve (CN II)"

"Only cranial nerve that extends outside head/neck/shoulder region and drives parasympathetic output:"

"Vagus nerve (CN X)"

"Lateral nerve of the upper limb arising from the brachial plexus:"

"Radial nerve"

"Medial nerve of the upper limb arising from the brachial plexus:"

"Ulnar nerve"

"Which 3 cranial nerves are involved in eyeball movement?"

"CN III

"What is the order of the meninges from outermost to innermost?"

"Dura mater -> Arachnoid mater -> Pia mater"

"_____ plays the greatest role in resting potential; _____ causes depolarization; _____ causes neurotransmitter release."

"K+ / Na+ / Ca2+"

"The mechanics of the resting membrane potential involve:"

"K+ leaking out / Na+ leaking in / Na+/K+ Pump (3 Na+ out

"Which spinal nerve count is INCORRECT?"

"Cervical nerves = 7 (Correct answer: 8 cervical nerves)"

"True/False: Spinal cord ends at L1/L2 at conus medullaris

cauda equina rootlets continue

"True/False: Fascicles are surrounded by perineurium

individual fibers by endoneurium

("Network of nerves that supplies innervation to the arms"

"Brachial plexus")

("Network of nerves that supplies innervation to the legs"

"Lumbar plexus")

("Gives rise to the phrenic nerve"

"Cervical plexus")

("Slows heart rate and promotes digestive activities"

"Parasympathetic nervous system")

("Increases cardiac output and prepares for 'fight or flight'"

"Sympathetic nervous system")

("Efferent portion of PNS controlling skeletal muscles"

"Somatic nervous system")

("Efferent portion of PNS controlling glands and smooth muscle"

"Autonomic nervous system")

("Term for sensory information from the body to the CNS (input)"

"Afferent")

("Term for outgoing motor information from the CNS to the body (output)"

"Efferent")

("Sum of cervical

thoracic

("Number of pairs of cranial nerves"

"12")

("Sensory neuron bodies are found here"

"Dorsal root ganglion")

("Motor nerves exiting the spinal cord"

"Ventral roots")

("Sensory nerve entering the spinal cord"

"Dorsal roots")

("Created by the merging of ventral & dorsal roots"

"Spinal nerve")

("Largest nerve in the body exits this plexus"

"Sciatic nerve")

("Spinal nerves branch to form these"

"Rami")

("End of spinal cord around L1/L2 swelling"

"Conus medullaris")

("Rootlets continuing after the conus medullaris resembling a mare's tail"

"Cauda equina")

("Connective tissue cord anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx"

"Filum terminale")

("Outermost layer of connective tissue around an entire nerve"

"Epineurium")

("Connective tissue surrounding bundles of nerve fibers (fascicles)"

"Perineurium")

("Connective tissue covering individual nerve fibers (axons)"

"Endoneurium")

("Bundles of nerve fibers within a nerve"

"Fascicle")

("A membrane potential of -90mV when neurons cannot fire APs"

"Hyperpolarization")

("Sodium channels close and potassium channels open"

"Repolarization")

("Stage 1 of the action potential—voltage-gated Na+ channels open"

"Depolarization")

("Event that occurs if membrane potential reaches about -55mV"

"Action potential")

("Type of membrane channel found on dendrites & cell body to which neurotransmitter binds"

"Ligand-gated")

("Type of channel that always remains open"

"Leak")

("Type of channel that opens in response to an electrical impulse"

"Voltage-gated")

("Pressing your finger hard can open this type of gated channel"

"Mechanical-gated")

("Voltage difference maintained across cell membrane by selective ion permeability and Na+/K+ pump"

"Resting membrane potential")

("Major extracellular anion"

"Chloride")

("Major extracellular cation—movement into neuron is necessary for depolarization"

"Sodium")

("Major intracellular cation—major player in resting membrane potential"

"Potassium")

("Voltage-gated channels allow this ion to enter axon terminals to release neurotransmitters"

"Calcium")

("Helps to stabilize neurons and to create the blood/brain barrier"

"Astrocytes")

("Immune cell of the CNS"

"Microglia")

("Forms myelin in the CNS"

"Oligodendrocytes")

("Forms myelin in the PNS"

"Schwann cell")

("Ciliated cells that line the ventricles"

"Ependymal")

("Branch-like processes on receptive part of neuron with receptors for neurotransmitters"

"Dendrites")

("Portion of neuron between body & axon where action potentials usually arise"

"Axon hillock")

("Neurotransmitters stored in vesicles here; site of voltage-gated calcium channels"

"Axon terminals")

("Responsible for 'white matter' in CNS and PNS"

"Myelin")

("Detects a stimulus"

"Receptor")

("Provides major control for the autonomic nervous system & maintains homeostasis"

"Hypothalamus")

("Relays and sorts incoming sensory information to areas of cerebrum"

"Thalamus")

("Colliculi found here; regulate tracking of eyes and unexpected stimuli response"

"Midbrain")

("Area controlling respiration & blood pressure where cerebral tracts decussate"

"Medulla oblongata")

("Part of the brain involved in posture/balance/motor memory"

"Cerebellum")

("Tree-like white matter structure inside the cerebellum"

"Arbor vitae")

("Contains motor areas of cerebrum; site of critical thinking and planning"

"Frontal lobe")

("Area of the brain containing the auditory cortex"

"Temporal lobe")

("Gustatory (taste) cortex is found here"

"Insula")

("Visual cortex is found here"

"Occipital lobe")

("The post-central gyrus (somatosensory cortex) is found here"

"Parietal lobe")

("Parts of the brain that process and make sense of info from primary cortices"

"Association areas")

("Specialized area of motor cortex for making speech (left hemisphere)"

"Broca's area")