unit 3 complete

Agonist

Drug that binds and activates the receptor to trigger and enhance an intended response

Analgesics

Drugs that relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness

Anaphlaxis

Condition of shock caused by hypersensitivity to a drug or other substance that results in life threatening respiratory distress and vascular collapse

Anemia

subnormal concentration of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood

Anestetics

Agents that reversibly depress neuronal function, producing loss of ability to perceive pain and or other sensations

Angina Pectoris

severe constricting pain in the chest, often radiating to the shoulder and down the arm, caused by ischemia (obstruction of blood supply) of the heart muscle, usually a result of coronary disease

Antagonist

Drug that binds to the receptor and completely or partially blocks the activation of a biological response

Anticholinergics

Drugs that block the passage of impulses through the parasympathetic nerves

Arrhythmias

Variations from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

Atherosclerosis

Condition in which thickening of the wall of a blood vessel occurs because of the deposition of plaque

Bronchodilators

Drugs that cause expansion of the lumina of the air passages of the lungs

Coagulation

Process of clot formation

Contraindications

Conditions that render the administration of some drug or some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable

Diabers mellitus

Primarily a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism secondary to insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance

Diabetic Gastroparesis

form of nerve damage that affects the stomach; food does not move through the stomach in a normal way, resulting in vomiting, nausea, or bloating

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Disorder of the peripheral nervous system, a complication of diabetes

Diuretics

Drugs that promote the excretion of urine

Drug

Any substance that, when taken into a living organism., may modify one or more of its functions

Edema

Presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues of the body

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Inflammation of the lower esophagus from regurgitation of acid gastric contents; symptoms include heartburn

Generic Name

Drug name that is usually descriptive of its chemical structure but is not protected as is a brand or trade name

Hematoma

Localized collection of blood in the tussue resulting from a break in the wall of the blood vessel

Hypertension

Persistently high arterial blood pressure, usually exceeding 140/90 mmHg

Idisyncratic Reaction

Response to a drug that is not normative per its intended action or side effects

Inhalant

Breathable chemical vapor that may cause systemic local effects

Infiltration

Diffusion of lfuid into a tissue; often used interchangeably with extravasastion

Laxatives

Agents that promote evacuation of the bowel

Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs

Drugs for which small changes in dose or blood concentration can cause serious therapeutic changes and or adverse reactions

Microorganisms

Microscopic organisms such as bacteria or viruses

Opioids

Drugs natural or synthetic that have pain relief activity example being morphine

Osteoporosis

Disease of bone that leads to an increased risk for fracture; bone mineral density is reduced and bone microarchitecture is disrupted

Parenteral

Not through the gastrointestinal tract but by injection

Parkinson Disease

Degenerative neurlogic disease of the brain that often impairs motor skills speech and other functions

Peristalsis

Waves of conrtaction that propel contents through the gastrointestinal tract

Pharmacist

Person who is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs

Pharmacokinetics

study of the metabolism and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body, and method of excretion

Pharmacolgy

Study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms

Physical Dependence

State of adaption exhibited by a withdrawal syndrome specific to a class of drugs and that may be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction or administration of an antagonist

Shizophrenia

Chronic mental disorder characterized by period of hallucinations and paranoia

Shock

condition characterized by profound hypotension and reduced tissue perfusion

Side effect

Consequence other than the one for which a drug is used

Therapeutic

Pertaining to the art of healing

Thromboembolic Disorders

Conditions involving the partial or complete obstruction of a blood vessel

Tolerance

State of adaption in response to drug exposure that results in a decrease of one or more of the drugs effects over time

Vasoconstrictors

Drugs that cause constriction of the blood vessels

Vasodilators

drugs that cause dilation of the blood vessels

Ampule

small sealed glass container that holds a single dose of parenteral solution in a sterile condition

Angiocath

Catheter inserted directly into the vein for drug administration

Bolus

Concentrated mass of pharmaceutical preparation

Buccal

Pertaining to the inside of the cheek

Drip infusion

Intravenous infusion of a large amount of fluid over a certain period

Enteral

Within the gastrointestinal tract

Extravasation

Discharge or escape of fluid from a vessel into the surrounding tissue that can cause localized vasoconstriction, resulting in sloughing of tissue and tissue necrosis of not reversed with an antidote

intradermal

Within or between the layers of skin

Intramuscular

Within the muscle tissue

Intravenous

Within a vein

Intravenous injection

Medication that is delivered by intravenous push or intravenous infusion directly into the vein

Parenteral or Parenterally

Drug administration by a rout other than the gastrointestinal tract typically by injection through the skin

Rectal

Inserted into the rectum

Subcutaneous

Beneath the skin

Sublinqual

Beneath the tongue

Topical

Applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied

Transdermal

Enterin through the skin

Venipucture

Puncture of a vein

Vial

Small glass bottle containing multiple doses of a drug

Acid Group

Contains carbon double bonded to an oxygen single bonded to another oxygen and a negative charge at the pH of the body

Amine Group

Contains nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Anaphylactoid

Resembling an immune system response to foreign material

Atomic Numbers

Numbers of protons in the nuclei of the different elements

Blood Urea Nitrogen

BUN test can reveal whether the urea nitrogen levels are higher than normal suggesting that the kidneys or liver may not be working properly

Bond

Interactions between electrons of atoms that hold the atoms together in a stable group; line drawn between atoms indicates a bond

Bronchospasm

Involuntary constriction of the bronchial tubes usually resulting from an immune system reaction to a foreign particle or molecule

Compound

a substance composed of two or more elements combined in a definite ratios that give the substance specific properties

Contraindictions

Factors of a patients history or present status that indicate that a medical procedure should not be performed or that a medication should not be given

Dimer

Compound formed by bonding of two identical simpler molecules

Extravasation

Leakage from a vessel into the tissue

Flocculation

Formation of flaky masses resulting from precipitation or coming out of a suspension or solution

Histamine

molecular substance containing an amine group; causes bronchial constriction and a decrease in blood pressure

Hydroxyl

Common chemical group, part of the water molecule, containing one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen; carries a negative charge (anion) when not a part of a molecule

Ionic

atom or molecule having a negative charge (anion) or positive charge (cation)

Methyl Groups

Common biochemical groups containing one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms

Molecules

Stable groups of bonded atoms having specific chemical properties

Monomer

Simple molecules of a compound of relatively low molecular weight

Osmolality

measurement of the number of particles (molecules or ions or cations) that can crowd out water molecules in a measured mass (kilogram) of water

Osmosis

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane such as blood vessel walls and cell membranes

pH

relative acidity or basicity(alkalinity) of a solution; pH below 7.0 is acidic and has more hydrogen cations than hydroxyl anions whereas pH above 7.0 is alkaline and has more hydroxyl anions than cations

Radiopharmaceutical

Pharmaceutical compound that is attached to a radioisotope

Shock

Inadequate blood flow within the body with resulting loss of oxygen and therefore energy

Solution

Uniform mixture of two or more substances composed of molecule sized particles that do not react together chemically

Suspension

Nonuniform mixture of two or more substances one of which is composed of larger than molecule size particle that have a tendency to cluster together

Ultrasound Contrast agents

exogenous substances that can be administered to a patient to enhance ultrasonic signals These can be administered either in the blood pool or in a cavity of the body

Autonomy

Person's self reliance, independence, liberty, rights, privacy, individual choice, freedom of the will and self contained ability to decide

Beneficence

doing of good; active promotion of goodness, kindness, and charity

Caring

Care for; an emotional commitment to and a willingness to act on behalf of a person whit whom a caring relationship exists

Codes of Ethics

Articulated statements of role morality as seen by the members of a profession

Confidentiality

Belief that health related information about individual patients should not be revealed to others; maintenance of privacy

Consequentialism

belief that the worth of actions is determined by their ends or consequences; actions are right or wrong according to the balance of their good and bad consequences

Duties

obligations placed on individuals, groups, and institutions by reason of the so-called moral bond of our interdependence with others

Ethical Dilemmas

Situations requiring moral judgment between two or more equally problem fraught alternatives; two or more competing moral norms are present, creating a challenge about what to do

Ethical Outrage

Gross violation of commonly held standards of decency or human rights