Midterm Review

What is the primary objective of sanitation in veterinary practices?

To limit microorganisms and pathogens, thereby protecting patients and staff.

What percentage of the Animal Nursing mark is accounted for by Sanitation and Animal Care?

10%.

What is disinfection distinct from?

Cleaning; disinfection kills microorganisms while cleaning agents remove soil.

What are the three ratings of disinfectants?

Low level, Intermediate level, High level.

Key factors for the effectiveness of disinfectants include which of the following?

Time, temperature, concentration, surface, organic debris/soils, and method of application.

Name one germicidal property of antiseptics.

They are effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.

How does the presence of organic debris affect disinfectants?

It can inactivate disinfectants, reducing their effectiveness.

What are common methods to prevent disease transmission in veterinary practices?

Isolation wards, prevention of direct contact, rigorous cleanliness, and controlling insect vectors.

What defines a bactericidal agent?

It kills vegetative bacteria and some viruses.

Define 'disinfection' in the context of animal nursing.

The process of killing or removing microorganisms to prevent infection.

What is one type of disinfectant that kills bacterial spores?

High level disinfectants.

What is a key characteristic of quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats)?

They are typically low-level disinfectants.

What is Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)?

A condition marked by a decrease in tear production leading to inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.

What is aural hematoma?

A collection of blood between the ear cartilage and skin often due to trauma.

What does 'otitis externa' refer to?

An inflammation of the external ear canal.

List one sign of otitis media.

Moist ear or animal may appear sick.

What is the purpose of the Schirmer Tear Test?

To measure the rate of tear production.

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

It transmits sound waves to the ossicles in the middle ear.

Define 'disinfectant'.

A chemical used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects.

What is one method used to clean and flush the ear?

Applying a cerumenolytic agent followed by gentle flushing of the ear canal.

List one sign of conjunctivitis.

Redness or swelling of the conjunctiva.

What is the role of the iris in the eye?

To control the amount of light that enters the eye.

What are the two main components of tears?

A watery component and a viscous (oily) component.

How long should a normal capillary refill time (CRT) be?

Less than 2 seconds.

What is the first step in performing an IM injection?

Restrain the animal adequately.

What is the purpose of a physical exam in veterinary medicine?

To assess the overall health of an animal and to identify any medical conditions.

What does the term 'auscultation' refer to in a physical exam?

Listening to the internal sounds of an animal, usually using a stethoscope.

What are the common vital signs assessed during a physical exam?

Heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and mucous membrane color.

What might a dry mucous membrane indicate during an exam?

Dehydration or dryness, which may require further investigation.

What is the significance of the heart rate in an animal?

It helps to determine cardiovascular health and overall fitness.

Why is palpation important during a physical exam?

To assess tenderness, swelling, or abnormalities in different body parts.

What characteristic of the coat is examined during a physical exam?

Texture, oiliness, and any signs of parasites or skin conditions.

What is a common sign of pain that may be observed during a physical exam?

Vocalization, changes in posture, or resistance to handling.

What does a thorough examination of the eyes include checking for?

Redness, swelling, discharge, and pupil response to light.

How can a veterinarian assess an animal's hydration status?

By evaluating skin elasticity, mucous membrane moisture, and capillary refill time.

What is the primary function of the ear in animals?

The ear detects sound waves and helps maintain balance.

What is a common sign of ear infections in pets?

Signs include shaking the head, scratching at the ears, or an unpleasant odor.

What are anal glands used for in animals?

Anal glands produce a scent used for marking territory and communication.

How often should anal glands be checked in dogs?

Anal glands should be checked regularly, typically during groomings or vet visits.

What is a common cause of aural hematomas?

Aural hematomas are often caused by trauma, excessive scratching, or shaking of the head.

What can happen if anal glands become impacted?

Impacted anal glands can lead to discomfort, infection, or abscess formation.

What is one method to clean a pet's ears?

Using a veterinarian-approved ear cleaning solution and cotton balls.

What might cause a dog to excessively lick their anal area?

Excessive licking may indicate anal gland problems or other discomfort.

What is otitis externa?

Otitis externa refers to inflammation of the outer ear canal.

How can you tell if a pet has an ear infection?

Signs include redness, swelling, discharge, and a bad smell from the ear.

What is the function of the conjunctiva in the eye?

The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the eyelids, providing protection and moisture.

What are tears primarily composed of?

Tears are primarily composed of water, oil, and mucus.

What condition is characterized by redness and swelling of the conjunctiva?

Conjunctivitis.

What is the role of the cornea in vision?

The cornea helps to focus light as it enters the eye.

What is a common sign of cataracts in pets?

Cloudiness or opacity in the lens of the eye.

What is the purpose of the pupil in the eye?

The pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

What does the term 'retina' refer to?

The retina is the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that senses light and sends images to the brain.

What is a common cause of vision problems in older pets?

Age-related changes such as cataracts or retinal degeneration.

What is the significance of the optic nerve?

The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

What is a common sign of glaucoma in pets?

Bulging of the eye or increased tear production.