Global review packet

Flashcards for review for the Global regents

cuneiform

artifacts

Before ________ and other forms of writing were invented, the human record existed in the form of _________ and bones

Neolithic Revolution

River valleys

The ____________________ was a turning point because with the shift to agriculture came rising populations and the development of the first cities near __________________

Social classes

Hammurabi’s code

With cities came job specialization and _____________.__ We can see evidence of social classes in the oldest written law__,__ _________________

Ancient Greece

Sparta & Athens

Geography also helped shape civilizations like ____________*.*__ Individual city-states shared language and religion but _________ & __________ended up fighting a war based on their cultural and political differences

Socrates

Athens’ golden age produced great leaders and thinkers like ___________ who would influence later generations 

Republic

XII Tables

Rome built on the Greeks’ ideas and created a government know as a _______ and had a legal code called ____________

Middle Ages

Central government

After Rome split and then fell, Western Europe fell into the ______________,__ a time when there was no ____________________

Byzantine Empire

The eastern half fared better since the ____________________ was able to keep order and continue reading with the rest of the known world

Feudalism

The decentralized government during the middle ages was called _______________.

Pope & kings

Peasants were on the bottom of the social pyramid with the ______ & _________ on the top.

Church

The _________ was the only stable government structure during the Middle Ages.

Charlemagne

The first Holy Roman Emperor _______________ could not read, but he made sure that literacy was spread throughout his kingdom.

Plague

Traders

The __________ or black death was spread by fleas on rats and _____________ from Asia.

Knights

Chivalry

__________ or warriors followed a code of __________ similar to the code of bushido samurais followed in Japan.

Magna Carta

King John was forced to sign the ___________________ in 1215 which limited the power of the monarch and made him ask Parliament before raising taxes.

Gothic

Stained glass windows that told biblical stories, flying buttresses, and pointed arches are examples of _________ cathedrals that were built during the middle ages.

Crusades

Renaissance

Italian City-States

The _________ or holy wars increased trade between east and west. Wealth and knowledge returned to Europe and the _______________ began in the ___________________________ in part because of their central location and trade.

Humanism

_____________ spurred individuals to look back to Greco-Roman ideals and to push limits of human potential.

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance men included _____________________ and other artists

secular

Though the Renaissance was a more __________ or worldly period, religion was still very important

Martin Luther

Indulgences

__________________ questioned the Roman Catholic Church’s questionable sale of _________________ with his 95 Theses

Protestant

Martin Luther’s posting of his 95 Theses spurred a turning point known as the _____________ Reformation which ended the Catholic Church’s dominance of Western Europe

Henry VIII

Anglican

Monarchs also took part in the Reformation. _____________ wanted a divorce so he started the _____________ church with the Act of Supremacy.

Queen Elizabeth

In England, the daughter of King Henry VIII, ______________________ takes over and ruled as the Virgin Queen

Louis XIV

Versailles

Sun King

In France, King _____________ builds the lavish palace of ____________ . He is known as the _____________

Philip II

In Spain _______________ ruled over Europe’s largest empire (at the time) including colonies in the Americas, and Caribbean

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor was _______________

Dinine Right

Absolute monarchs thought that they were chosen by God to rule, or _____________________________

Peter the Great

Meanwhile, in Russia _____________________ tried to westernize Russia because he went on a great embassy or tip to western Europe and liked what he saw.

Catherine the Great

westernize

Years after Peter the Great, __________________________ would seduce a military general and he would help her to take over power in Russia. Her goal was to free the serfs(which didn’t happen) and to _______________ or modernize Russia

John Locke

Property

English Philosopher ______________ thought that people should have basic rights such as life, liberty and ____________

Montesquieu

The idea behind the three branches of government comes from __________________

Representation

Enlightenment philosophes were determined to make sure the people had ________________ in their government

speech

Freedom of ___________, a basic idea in the US Bill of RIghts, comes from the French philosopher, Voltaire

Mary Wollstonecraft

___________________________ wrote the *Vindication of the Rights of Women,* and started the feminist movement

revolution

Enlightenment ideas inspired ___________ in America, France, and Latin America.

Diderot

Catherine the Great invited _________, who was famous for writing the encyclopedia to her court in St. Petersburg

bad harvests

People in France were suffering due to ______________ and lack of food

Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Versailles

The leaders of France, King ____________ and ____________________ were living in the lavish palace called ________________

bread

women

People had no _________ so the __________ marched on the palace of Versailles and brought the King and Queen back to Paris

Tennis

Declaration

The people took an oath on a ________ court and called themselves the National Assembly. The assembly made the King and Queen sign the ______________ of the Rights of Man.

terror

Soon the revolution got radical and the reign of _____________ started

Max Robespierre

guillotine

____________________ took over and said, ‘“Let the heads roll.” He used the new killing device known as the _____________.

Napoleon

5 Man Directory

After the blood filled the streets, ____________ a short little man over threw the _________________________

Russia

Napoleon took over most of Europe but soon failed when he tried to take over ____________

England

Coal

The Industrial Revolution started in __________ because the island nation had vast reserves of natural resources including _____ and iron ore.

People moved to cities (____________________) as England began

Working conditions

Factories were built and people worked in factories instead of farms. The _______________________ were poor and many people died or were injured

Child

_________ labor was common and many children were forced to work in order to provide for their family

Karl Marx

Bourgeoisie

Communist Manifesto

_______________ saw these poor working conditions and thought the ____________ were exploiting the proletariat so he wrote the book, the _________________________

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

Laissez-Faire

In contrast to Marx, the book, _______________________ written by ______________ thought that the government should keep their hands out of the economy or _________________.

Unions

Soon _______ emerged and people began demanding rights for workers and higher wages.

militarism

alliances

World war I started because of ___________ __,__ _______________, imperialism, and nationalism

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip

The spark that started the war was on June 14th, 1914 when the heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne, _________________________ was shot by _________________, a member of the terrorist organization called the Black Hand

Germany

France

____________ came to the aide of Austro-Hungary and _________ came to the aide of Russia due to treaty obligations

technology

tanks

WWI was different from any other war in history because of new ____________ such as machine guns, ________ and airplanes

stalemate

trench

The war soon reached a ____________ at the Western Front due to __________ warfare

United States

With the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 by a German U-boat, the ____________________ entered the war in 1917. Soon Germany, Austro-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were defeated

armistice

An _______________, or agreement to stop fighting was reached on November 11th, 1918

Treaty of Versailles

reparations

Germany was then forced to sign the ____________________ which required them to pay _________________ or damages for the war

war quilt

The treaty also had a ___________ clause that blamed Germany for the war

Nicholas

peace

revolution

Meanwhile, in Russia, Tsar __________ was extremely unpopular and due to the Russian armies staggering losses, Lenin and the Bolsheviks promise land, bread and _____ and launched a ______________

unemployment

fascist

Widespread ______________ grew due to the Great Depression. In response _____________ leaders tooks power in Germany and Italy.

Hitler

Germany

Anschluss

Sudetenland

Adolf _________,__ the leader of ____________ started his march of aggression by creating a union between Austria and Germany called ____________ and by taking over the _________________, a part of Czechoslovakia

Mussolini

League

______________,__ the leader of Italy, took over Ethiopia. The _____________ of Nations put sanctions or penalties on Italy, in response Italy left the League of Nations

Munich

appeasement

Western European countries, especially Great Britain and Neville Chamberlain responded to Hitler’s actions by meeting in ________ in 1938 and deciding on a policy of ___________________ or to just give Hitler his way.

Stalin

non aggression

Hitler and _______ sign the ___________________ pact and agree to invade Poland and divide the county u between the two of them.

Churchill

The new leader of Great Britain, Winston ______________ finally decided that they need to stand up to Germany and declared war on September 3, 1939

Russia (USSR)

Germany decided to betray Stalin and invaded _______________

Holocaust

Hitler is trying to complete his systematic elimination of Jews, handicap people, gypsies, and other people he decides are undesirable in what is known as the _________________

Normandy

D-Day

The United States joins the war and General Eisenhower leads the allied invasion of the beaches of ______________ on what is known as __________

partition

Germany is finally defeated and at the Potsdam conference the allies decide to ____________ Germany into 4 sections

After WWII relations between the Soviet Union and the USA began to deteriora

ideologies

The United States and the USSR had different ________________ or views on how a country or economy should operate

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill states in a famous speech that an ______________ has fallen over Europe. Dividing Europe into democratic nations and communist nations

Nikita Khruschev

Arms

Stalin dies in 1953 and __________________ takes over. He denounces Stalin but continues developing more weapons called the ______ race

satellites

Countries in Eastern Europe become _______________ or dependent states of the Soviet Union

Cuba

Khrushchev put missiles 90 miles from the coast of Florida on the island of _______

Berlin Wall

In November, 1989, the ________________, or the most famous symbol of the Cold War comes down

Gorbachev

Glasnost

Perestroika

Mikhail ______________ implements a policy of openness or ____________, and a polic of restructuring of the economy or ________________

Regionalism

Dense jungles, plateaus, and mountains have made communication difficult and have isolated people regionally leading to the development of __________________

Aztecs

Before the Spanish Conquest, the Mayas, _______________, and Incas developed civilizations carefully adapted to their environment, The Mayas created temples and calendars. The Incas established an extensive road network for trade in South America. Each had a thriving culture.

Hernan Cortes

conquistadors

Technological advantages, disease, internal divisions, and religious beliefs allowed a small number of Europeans to conquer native civilizations. ________________ conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro conquered the Incas. Spanish conquerors were known as _________________

Columbian Exchange

Columbus

The conquest of Latin America led to the exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas, and technology from the New World to the Old World and vice versa. This exchange is known as the _________________________ because it started with ___________. While many aspects of this exchange were positive (the exchange of foods), there were also negative effects such as the exchange of diseases that devastated native populations

Peninsulares

Encomienda

Spain’s colonies had a strict social hierarchy, with _____________ who had come directly from Spain and Portugal on the top, and natives and Africans on the bottom. (Creoles, Mestizos are in the middle). The ______________ system gave land grants to the higher classes to run plantations

Mercantilism

Spain established colonies populated by Spanish citizens and run by Spanish citizens in order to receive raw materials and then ship those raw materials back to the colonies in the form of finished goods. This relationship is known as _________________

Simon Bolivar

The Enlightenment spread to Latin America and many colonies fought for independence. For example ____________________ led Spanish colonies in South America to independence.

Cold War

During the 1970’s and 80’s, many Central American nations suffered civil wars between social classes that were funded by the U.S. and the Soviet Union as part of the ________________

Authoritarian

_____________________ rulers emerged in many countries of Central and South America after colonialism

Fidel Castro

__________________ led to a communist revolution in Cuba

democratic

Latin America continues to contain “global hotspots”, however today many countries are moving toward __________________ governments

cultural diffusion

Africa contains diverse geographic features: rainforests in central Africa, the Sahara desert, mountains in East Africa. These geographic features have slowed communication and ___________________________, which led to growth of traditional cultures

Arab

salt

The African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali were influenced by _____ traders who crossed the Sahara to trade their gold for _______

Mansa Musa

These kingdoms became rich with their trade and were centers of Islamic scholarship. For example, __________________, King of Mali was a devout Muslim and went on a hajj to Mecca

animism

subsistence agriculture

> *Traditional African Cultures worshiped spirits in nature, meaning they practiced _________. People lived in traditional villages and off to their own crops - this form of production is known as ____________________________*

Triangle Trade

The Atlantic slave trade cause tremendous suffering and loss of life as well as disruption of native cultures. Although Europeans transported African slaves across the middle passage, African slaves were usually brought to the coast by Africans who traded the slaves for European products. The trade across the Atlantic between Europe, the New World, and Africa was known as ______________________

raw materials

Social Darwinism

“White Man’s Burden”

Berlin Conference

During the era of imperialism (1870-1914), slave trading had been discouraged. This time Europeans were searching for _________________ and markets because of their industrial revolution. The Europeans justified their domination of other peoples through the concept known as _______________________. The Europeans felt it was their obligation and duty to bring religion to these people and to civilize them as noted in the famous poem __________________________. European countries divided up Africa at the _________________________

Jomo Kenyatta

Independence movements began in Africa after the WWII period. For example, ___________________ led the independence movement against the British in Kenya. Some movements were democratic, other were more violent.

Nelson Mandela

______________________ led the resistance of apartheid in South Africa. Apartheid was a government sponsored system of segregation.

Rift Valley

The earliest humans are found in the __________________ in Africa