Study Guide for Quiz #2

Scientific Revolution

New way to determine “truth” from nature

Emphasis on human reason

Use of experimentation & inductive reasoning
Isaac Newton:

Isaac Newton

Best known for laws of motion

But alchemy as part of synthetic worldview in private writings

Most alchemical work ignored and hidden until the 20th century

The Enlightenment

Emphasized human reason

Used a “Secular” approach: NOT irreligious; nearly all Enlightenment thinkers believed in God. God created the world, but human reason is capable of discovering its’ truths

Rejected Calvinist pre-destination

Deism

Deists were radical Enlightenment thinkers

Questioned the authority of the Bible: Reason would lead to God; not revelation

Believed in laws of nature

Deists in America: Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, James Madison, etc.

The Great Awakening

Evangelical religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s

Emphasis on human sin & depravity: Emotional & dramatic conversion experience, The “New Birth”, and complete surrender to God

Religious revivals; tent meetings; often outside

Challenged the authority of established clergy: Anti-intellectualism, Interracial

Jonathan Edwards

Congregational minister in Massachusetts

Appealed to young people

Most famous sermon: “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God”

Defends Trinity against Enlightenment thinkers

George Whitefield

English preacher who traveled through North America in 1739-40

Mass celebrity

Thousands gathered to hear him speak: Intense, emotional style and believed in immediate conversions

Old Light vs. New Light

Old Lights: Orthodox Protestants opposed the emotional “enthusiasm” of the Great Awakening

Emphasized importance of reason & the Bible

Influenced by Enlightenment ideas of rationality

New Lights: George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards emphasized immediate conversion and strong emotions

Benjamin Franklin

Born in Boston; moved to Philadelphia at 17

Worked as a printer; eventually became very successful
Inventor & scientist

Politician: Ambassador in Paris

Master of self-presentation & self-invention

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania (1682)

Member of the “Society of Friends” or Quakers
“Holy Experiment”

Cultivated goodwill among the Lenni Lenape (Delaware)

Quaker

Religious minority that believed in Pacifism

Wore Plain Clothes

Practiced religious tolerance and led the diverse populating of Pennsylvania with many different sects of European society

Seven Years' War

AKA French and Indian War: Conflict between the French and English throughout the Atlantic World

In North America, English settlers were trying to claim more Native land and defeat the French

Native nations often forced to choose sides, and support either the French or English

General Edward Braddock

British general sent to defeat French at Fort Duquesne after Washington's defeat

Had 2,200 troops and lost the battle in part because of arrogance

Died during the retreat

Line of Proclamation

1763: “Line of Proclamation”

British announce that colonists should not settle past the Appalachian Mountains.

intended to stabilize British relations with Indians

Neolin

Lenni Lenape (Delaware) prophet

Vision in 1760: Indians should join together against all Whites

Urged his followers to stop trading with Europeans
Preaching contained elements of Native and Christian traditions (ex: depiction of heaven/hell)

Pontiac's War

Pontiac was a native leader who fights at Detroit

native people succeed to capture all forts except detroit, niagara, and pitt

One of the reasons for the creation of the Line of Proclamation

Paxton Boys

Scots-Irish colonists on the Pennsylvania frontier

Attacked Native people indiscriminately

Massacred a Native village at Conestoga

Rising tensions & racial animosity as English people take Native land

The Stamp Act

Britain greatly indebted after Seven Years War

English Parliament decided to tax colonists, because they paid far less in taxes than people in Britain

Stamp Act: Taxed goods produced in the colonies, paid in currency, and paid the salaries of customs officials

Townshend Acts

Tax on imports from Britain

Difference between tariffs and taxes

Paid salaries of royal officials

Customs officials got 1/3 of smuggled goods

Smugglers tried without a jury

Boston Massacre

crowd gathers at customs house and taunt soldiers

colonists pelt soldiers with snowballs and stones

british soldiers start firing and 5 people die

Media produced is used as propaganda for the Revolution

Boston Tea Party

Tea Act, 1773: Parliament reduces the cost of tea, but includes a small tax

Nov. 1773: First ships with British tea arrive in Boston harbor

Dec 16, 1773: 50-60 men dressed as Indians dumped 45 tons of tea into Boston Harbor

Coercive Acts

AKA “The Intolerable Acts”

Closed the port of Boston until tea (with tax) was paid for

Curbed Massachusetts self-government

Protected British officials and soldiers

Colonists forced to provide supplies to British soldiers

First Continental Congress

In response to the Coercive Acts

Petitioned King George III to remove the Acts

Representatives of 12 colonies

Sought to avoid war

Committees of Observation & Safety

created to “…to observe the conduct of all persons”

To ensure boycotts

Shadow government

Spy network; peer pressure to conform

Lexington & Concord

British soldiers sent to concord, burned supplies but couldn't find any arms

colonists had 4,000 militia and british had 700 even though the artwork depicts the british are a large, invading body


colonists attacked as the soldiers marked back (78 died, 220 wounded for british and about 90 for colonists)

2nd Continental Congress

May 1775 in Philadelphia

George Washington named Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

BUT no call for Independence

“Olive Branch Petition”: Sought to reconcile with King George III

Thomas Paine

Common Sense published in January 1776.

Sold 120,000 copies in 3 months; eventually sold 500,000 (colonial population was 2.5 million)

Ridiculed the idea of hereditary monarchy

Insulted the Crown

Encouraged Independence

Declaration of Independence vs. Constitution

Declaration:

drew on other documents, VA Constitution, English Declaration of Rights, George Mason’s VA Declaration of Rights

Key points: Inalienable rights; Gov’t by consent of the people; right to Revolution

Published 1776

Constitution:

3/5 Compromise: Gave slave states more representatives in Congress.

Slave Trade: Could not be outlawed for 20 years (until 1808)

Fugitive Slave Clause: even free states must return runaway slaves to slave owners.

Written in 1787

Sets up how the American government is going to run

Dunmore's Proclamation

Lord Dunmore, Royal Governor of Virginia

1775: Dunmore calls on slaves to join the British forces; promised them freedom

Hundreds of enslaved people joined the British

Harry Washington

Enslaved by George Washington

Escaped in 1776; joined the British forces in the American Revolution to fight for his freedom

Served in Dunmore’s all-black regiment, “the black Pioneers”

After the war, he was resettled in Nova Scotia, and then in Sierra Leone, Africa

Treaty of Paris

Depicted in a painting by Benjamin West

Demanded unconditional independence and boundaries would be Florida, Canada

mortality estimates: 25,000 casualties

Ratification Debates

Federalists:
Did not trust the people
Focus: Economic Growth
Wanted a strong Army
Strong central gov’t
Hated French Rev.
No direct accountability to voters
Style: high fashion

Anti-Federalists:
Did not trust the Gov’t
Focus: Public Interest
Feared a strong army
Independent farmer
Supported French Rev. (anti-monarchist)
Voters keep tabs on reps
Style: street clothes, no wigs, “common citizen”

Bill of Rights

States suggested over 200 amendments. Madison chose 12; 10 were ratified

These became the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. They are a list of demands from states that national gov. must protect/abide by


Bill of Rights guaranteed: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, due process, no cruel and unusual punishments

French Support of Revolutionary War

Resented British victory in the French & Indian War

Wanted to prevent the British from gaining too much power

Declaration of Independence was well-received in France as an embodiment of the Enlightenment spirit

American lobbying: Benjamin Franklin arrives in France: 1776, Thomas Jefferson is also an American diplomat

Origins of French Revolution

Enlightenment ideals embodied in the American Revolution: liberty, freedom, etc.

Financial Crisis: American Revolution, Seven Years War

Famine among the common people

Nobility still living luxuriously

Haitian Caste System

Grand blancs: White colonial elites; planters and merchants who owned many slaves.

Petit blancs: Poor whites; arrived in Saint-Domingue looking for work & fortune

Free People of Color: about 2/3 were mixed race. Many owned slaves of their own.

Slaves: Majority of the population; most worked on sugar plantations.

Vincent Oge

Wealthy mixed-race slave owner from Saint-Domingue

1789: Presented a petition to the National Assembly in Paris in favor of voting rights for free people of color.

General Assembly 1790: “all proprietors…ought to be active citizens”

Incited a rebellion in Saint-Domingue in 1790

Executed in 1791

Touissant L'ouverture

Becomes the leader of Saint-Domingue

Tried to reconcile with whites

Slavery abolished, but ex-slaves should return to their plantations

Wanted to remain in the French Empire

Wants Haiti to be a Catholic nation

Napoleon's Campaign

1802: Napoleon sends Leclerc to take control of Saint-Domingue

Regains Louisiana territory from Spain

Arrests Touissaint L’ouverture

Reinstates slavery

Leclerc begins a reign of terror that is continued by his successor, Rochambeau

Effects of the Haitian Revolution

Widespread fear of slave revolt: Increased slave controls & paranoia

Stimulated slave economy in the U.S.

Louisiana Purchase: Without Saint-Domingue, Napoleon had no need for the Louisiana Territory. Sold to the United States for $15 million. Land would be used to extend & strengthen slavery.

Inspired abolitionists in the United States

Gabriel's Rebellion

Gabriel: Literate enslaved man living near Richmond, Virginia

Planned a revolt inspired by the American and Haitian Revolutions

Inverts Patrick Henry's phrase “Liberty or Death” into "Death or Liberty"

3/5th Compromise

3/5 Compromise: Gave slave states more representatives in Congress.

Slave Trade: Could not be outlawed for 20 years (until 1808)

Fugitive Slave Clause: even free states must return runaway slaves to slave owners.