Mr. Sinn unit #4 Political Geography

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39 Terms

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4.1 State

A geographic area organized into one political unit. A recognized government. Ex: The United States of America

<p>A geographic area organized into one political unit. A recognized government. Ex: The United States of America</p>
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4.1 Nation

A group of people who share a common history/cultural characteristics with a history of self-determination. Ex: Americans

<p>A group of people who share a common history/cultural characteristics with a history of self-determination. Ex: Americans</p>
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4.1 nation-state

A sovereign state that is made up of subjects who are relatively homogenous. Ex: European Countries

<p>A sovereign state that is made up of subjects who are relatively homogenous. Ex: European Countries</p>
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4.1 stateless nation

A nation with a history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state. Ex: The Kurds

<p>A nation with a history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state. Ex: The Kurds</p>
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4.1 multinational state

A state that contains two or more nations who have agreed to coexist as one state. Ex: The United Kingdom

<p>A state that contains two or more nations who have agreed to coexist as one state. Ex: The United Kingdom</p>
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4.1 multistate nation

a nation that stretches across borders and across states. Ex: North and South Korea

<p>a nation that stretches across borders and across states. Ex: North and South Korea</p>
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4.1 Autonomous regions

The territory of a country that has autonomy or a degree of sovereignty, often geographically distinct from the rest of the country. Ex: Taiwan

<p>The territory of a country that has autonomy or a degree of sovereignty, often geographically distinct from the rest of the country. Ex: Taiwan</p>
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4.2 semi autonomous regions

The territory of a country that has a small amount of autonomy often is not geographically distinct from the rest of the country. Ex: Native Americans

<p>The territory of a country that has a small amount of autonomy often is not geographically distinct from the rest of the country. Ex: Native Americans</p>
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4.2 Self-determination

Nations have the right to govern themselves to preserve cultural characteris

<p>Nations have the right to govern themselves to preserve cultural characteris</p>
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4.2 Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Ex: Europe's scramble for Africa. Sates were divided on longitude and latitude which broke up nations and cultures to only benefit Europe. .

<p>An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Ex: Europe's scramble for Africa. Sates were divided on longitude and latitude which broke up nations and cultures to only benefit Europe. .</p>
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4.2 Devolution

The transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government. Ex: Yugoslavia

<p>The transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government. Ex: Yugoslavia</p>
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4.3 Neocolonialism

The use of political, economic, or cultural pressures to control or influence other countries. Ex: China using Africa. China issuing a lot of money to help build infrastructure in Africa.

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4.3 Territoriality

The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people phenomenon or relationships by delimiting asserting control over a geographic area. communicate over a space

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4.3 Shatterbelt Regions

A region caught between stronger external cultural/political forces. ex: the cold war. All of Western Europe was in between the conflicts of the Cold War

<p>A region caught between stronger external cultural/political forces. ex: the cold war. All of Western Europe was in between the conflicts of the Cold War</p>
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4.3 Chokepoints

strategic narrow passageways on land or sea that may be easily closed off by force or even the threat of force. How the world trades.

<p>strategic narrow passageways on land or sea that may be easily closed off by force or even the threat of force. How the world trades.</p>
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4.4 geometric boundary

A boundary that is a straight line, and is not connected to cultural differences or the physical terrain. Ex: The U.S. and Canadian border.

<p>A boundary that is a straight line, and is not connected to cultural differences or the physical terrain. Ex: The U.S. and Canadian border.</p>
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4.4 superimposed boundary

a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern Ex: Africa

<p>a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern Ex: Africa</p>
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4.4 relic boundary

a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features. Ex: The Berlin Wall

<p>a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features. Ex: The Berlin Wall</p>
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4.4 subsequent boundary (society)

a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes. Ex: Yugoslavia because the states were created based on the ethnic groups that resided in that area.

<p>a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes. Ex: Yugoslavia because the states were created based on the ethnic groups that resided in that area.</p>
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4.4 antecedent boundary

A boundary that has existed before the development of the cultural landscape. (Very similar to Relic boundary so don't get it confused lmao). Ex: The Himalayan Mountains

<p>A boundary that has existed before the development of the cultural landscape. (Very similar to Relic boundary so don't get it confused lmao). Ex: The Himalayan Mountains</p>
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4.4 consequent boundary (physical)

Boundaries divide different ethnic groups by physical features on the landscape. Ex: the boundary between India and current-day Pakistan was created to separate the main religions in the region, Hindu and Islam.

<p>Boundaries divide different ethnic groups by physical features on the landscape. Ex: the boundary between India and current-day Pakistan was created to separate the main religions in the region, Hindu and Islam.</p>
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Locational Boundary Dispute

Conflict over the location or place of a boundary. Ex a river dispute

<p>Conflict over the location or place of a boundary. Ex a river dispute</p>
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Operational Boundary Dispute

The dispute comes from issues that occur on the boundary. Ex: the U.S. and Mexico Border

<p>The dispute comes from issues that occur on the boundary. Ex: the U.S. and Mexico Border</p>
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Allocational Boundary Dispute

A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region.

<p>A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region.</p>
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UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

meant to resolve allocational boundary disputes. has multiple zones and international waters.

<p>meant to resolve allocational boundary disputes. has multiple zones and international waters.</p>
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4.6 Gerrymandering

Redistricting voting districts in a manner that favors one political party over another. This is illegal. politicians. politicians are picking their voters basically. two techniques include cracking and packing.

<p>Redistricting voting districts in a manner that favors one political party over another. This is illegal. politicians. politicians are picking their voters basically. two techniques include cracking and packing.</p>
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4.7 Unitary Government

A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Pro: quickly implement decisions and laws, Con: difficult to understand the regional concerns. Ex: The United Kingdom. Their central government is in London

<p>A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Pro: quickly implement decisions and laws, Con: difficult to understand the regional concerns. Ex: The United Kingdom. Their central government is in London</p>
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4.7 Federal Government

A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local/regional governments. Pro: Can create a national government identity while also focusing on regional activities and concerns, Con: see disputes between regional governments and central governments. Ex: The United States

<p>A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local/regional governments. Pro: Can create a national government identity while also focusing on regional activities and concerns, Con: see disputes between regional governments and central governments. Ex: The United States</p>
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4.7 Confederation Government

the regional authorities hold the most power and the central government does really exist. Pro: regional governments have all power to adapt their laws to fit that particular region, Con: struggle to keep a national identity. Ex: The confederate states of America (1861-1865).

<p>the regional authorities hold the most power and the central government does really exist. Pro: regional governments have all power to adapt their laws to fit that particular region, Con: struggle to keep a national identity. Ex: The confederate states of America (1861-1865).</p>
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4.8 Devolution

Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments.power shifting downwards. Ex: The Soviet Unions Falling into 16 independent states

<p>Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments.power shifting downwards. Ex: The Soviet Unions Falling into 16 independent states</p>
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4.8 Factors of Devolution

Economic: regional opportunity
Social: Ethnic groups wanting representation
Political: Multinational states wanting semi-autonomous regions. seeing the government shift power down to these groups. Ex: Brexit
Environmental: physical boundaries

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4.8 Irredentism

A policy of advocating for coups or separatist movements into another country based on advocating for the restoration of a former territory, or moral claim to the land. Ex: Somalia's invasion of Ethiopia during the Ogaden War of 1977-78.

<p>A policy of advocating for coups or separatist movements into another country based on advocating for the restoration of a former territory, or moral claim to the land. Ex: Somalia's invasion of Ethiopia during the Ogaden War of 1977-78.</p>
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4.9 Supranational Organization

an organization that is formed when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity. a political factor that challenges sovereignty. Communication of multiple states. Ex: The U.N., NATO, E.U., international trade deals, etc. Britain leaving the European Union for more sovereignty.

<p>an organization that is formed when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity. a political factor that challenges sovereignty. Communication of multiple states. Ex: The U.N., NATO, E.U., international trade deals, etc. Britain leaving the European Union for more sovereignty.</p>
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4.9 Economic factors that challenge sovereignty

International trade deals, tariffs or sanctions,

<p>International trade deals, tariffs or sanctions,</p>
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4.9 Cultural factors that challenge sovereignty

countries risk losing their own cultural identity to a globalized world. Banning parts of the internet or blocking social media in effort to slow down the diffusion of information.

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4.9 Technology

The knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. social media and the internet are a diffusion of information and fake news spreading intentionally creating issues in other states such as election meddling.

<p>The knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. social media and the internet are a diffusion of information and fake news spreading intentionally creating issues in other states such as election meddling.</p>
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4.10 Ethnonationalism

A form of nationalism where the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity.

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4.10 centripetal factors

Political: developed states develop more patriotism. Ex: the U.S. on 9/11 united people
Economy: High GDP, low unemployment, accessibility, stability
cultural: homogenous; unified from a shared culture/history
geography: compact and sense of community.

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4.10 Centrifugal Factors

political: abused citizens, money not disbursed wisely, and rebellion/uprising occurs
Economy: lack of opportunity, high unemployment
Cultural: many national groups and a state's history of self-determination or if prejudice or racism is occurring
Geography: states that re more spread out or fragmented can create isolated groups or cultures

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