HESI A2 A&P

Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

Main function of mitochondria

Produce ATP and usable cellular energy

Control center of the cell

Nucleus

Organelle that makes proteins

Ribosomes

Organelle that digests cellular waste

Lysosomes

Functional unit of the kidney

Nephron

Main function of the glomerulus

Filter blood

Structure carrying urine from kidney to bladder

Ureter

Structure carrying urine from bladder out of the body

Urethra

Substances remaining in bloodstream during glomerular filtration

Red blood cells and large proteins

Molecules that can enter the glomerular filtrate

Water, glucose, ions, and other small solutes

Main function of red blood cells

Transport oxygen

Blood cells that fight infection

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Blood component primarily responsible for clotting

Platelets

Site of red blood cell production

Bone marrow

Site where most clotting factors are produced

Liver

Protein forming the mesh of a blood clot

Fibrin

Liquid portion of blood

Plasma

Serum

Plasma without clotting factors

Heart chamber receiving deoxygenated blood from the body

Right atrium

Heart chamber pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Right ventricle

Heart chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs

Left atrium

Heart chamber pumping oxygenated blood to the body

Left ventricle

Vessel carrying oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

Pulmonary vein

Vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Pulmonary artery

Body's largest artery

Aorta

Universal red blood cell donor type

O negative

Primary site of gas exchange in the lungs

Alveoli

Effect of diaphragm contraction

Moves downward, allowing air to enter the lungs

Effect of diaphragm relaxation

Moves upward, causing air to leave the lungs

Structure preventing food from entering the trachea

Epiglottis

Brain region controlling balance and coordination

Cerebellum

Brain region responsible for higher thinking and voluntary movement

Cerebrum

Brain region controlling vital functions such as breathing and heart rate

Medulla oblongata

Brain region regulating temperature, hunger, and thirst

Hypothalamus

Neuron structure receiving incoming signals

Dendrites

Neuron structure carrying impulses away from the cell body

Axon

Function of the myelin sheath

Insulates the axon and speeds nerve impulses

Tissue type transmitting electrical signals

Nervous tissue

Tissue type lining body surfaces and internal organs

Epithelial tissue

Tissue type supporting, connecting, and protecting body structures

Connective tissue

Tissue type producing movement

Muscle tissue

Largest organ of the human body

Skin

Hormone that lowers blood glucose

Insulin

Hormone that raises blood glucose

Glucagon

Body's primary immediate energy source

Carbohydrates

Macromolecule providing long-term energy storage

Lipids

Primary function of proteins

Building and repairing tissues

Function of the epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the airway

Functional unit of the nervous system

Neuron

Events during metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator

Events during anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Arteries

Away from heart

Veins

Towards the heart

Calcium

Muscle contraction and nerve function

Iron

Associated with hemoglobin And oxygen transport

What is the universal recipient?

AB+

What is the right side valve?

Tricuspid

What is the left side valve?

Mitral

What is the sequence flow of Oxygenated blood after it returns from the lungs?

Left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body

Pulmonary artery

Pumped to the lungs

Pulmonary vein

Oxygen comes in

What heart chamber has the thickest muscle wall?

Left ventricle

What is the body’s natural pacemaker?

SA= Starts Activity

What helps the kidneys retain water?

ADH= adds/holds water

Which division of the nervous system is responsible For fight or flight response?

Sympathetic division

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtering blood to form filtrate?

Glomerulus

What structure attaches muscle to bone

Tendon

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtering blood to form filtrate?

Glomerulus

What structure attaches muscle to bone

Tendon

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet pointing forward

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right portions

Midsagittal Plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

Parasagittal Plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right portions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into front and back portions

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Divides the body into top and bottom portions

Oblique Plane

Divides the body at an angle

Superior

Toward the head; above

Inferior

Toward the feet; below

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body

Deep

Farther inside the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body

Supine

Lying face up

Prone

Lying face down

Which blood vessel brings blood into the kidneys for filtration?

Renal artery

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water and solutes?

Renal tubule