psychopathology exam 3

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Low or no sexual interest in men for at least 6 months

etiology: anxiety, depression

prevalence: LOW-MEDIUM

treatment: couples therapy

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Low sexual interest/arousal in women for at least 6 months

etiology: anxiety, depression

prevalence: MEDIUM

treatment: CBT, estrogen therapy

Erectile disorder

Trouble getting or keeping an erection.

Delayed ejaculation

Trouble ejaculating, even with stimulation.

Female orgasmic disorder

Trouble reaching orgasm.

Premature ejaculation

Ejaculating too quickly.

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Pain or fear during vaginal penetration.

Paraphilic disorders

Intense sexual interests in objects, situations, or people that cause harm or distress.

Frotteuristic disorder

Sexual arousal from rubbing against someone without consent.

Fetishistic disorder

Sexual focus on objects or specific body parts.

Voyeuristic disorder

Sexual arousal from watching people who don’t know they’re being watched.

Exhibitionistic disorder

Exposing genitals to unsuspecting people.

Transvestic disorder

Sexual arousal from cross-dressing.

Sexual sadism

Sexual arousal from causing pain to someone.

Sexual masochism

Sexual arousal from receiving pain.

Pedophilia Disorder 

Sexual attraction to children under 13

etiology: early trauma, poor social skills 

prevalence: LOW 

treatment: CBT, Relapse prevention programs 

Depressants

Slow the body down (alcohol, benzos).

Stimulants

Speed the body up (cocaine, amphetamines).

Opiates

Pain-relief drugs (heroin, oxy).

Withdrawal delirium (DTs)

Dangerous confusion from alcohol withdrawal.

Barbiturates

Old sedative drugs.

Benzodiazepines

Anti-anxiety sedatives (like Xanax).

Amphetamines

Powerful stimulants.

Cannabis (marijuana)

Drug that relaxes and distorts perception.

Antagonist drugs

Drugs that block the effect of the substance.

Intermittent explosive disorder

Sudden aggressive outbursts out of proportion to the situation

Etiology: Serotonin imbalance, early trauma, poor emotion regulation

Prevalence: MEDIUM

Treatment: CBT, SSRIs, anger management

Kleptomania

Urges to steal things not needed.

Pyromania

Urges to set fires.

Paranoid personality disorder

Distrustful and suspicious.

Schizoid personality disorder

Prefers being alone; emotionally distant

Schizotypal personality disorder

Odd thinking and behavior.

Antisocial personality disorder

Ignores others' rights; often criminal behavior, age: 15

Etiology: genetics, low fear response, poor parenting

Prevalence: MEDIUM-LOW

Treatment: CBT for anger/criminal thinking

Borderline personality disorder

Unstable emotions, identity and relationships

Etiology: Childhood trauma, emotional vulnerability, invalidating environment

Prevalence: MEDIUM

Treatment: DBT (talk therapy), Mood stabilizers, trauma therapy

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Therapy that helps regulate emotions.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Self-centered, needs admiration, lack of empathy

Etiology:over/undervalued childhood, genetics 

Prevalence: LOW-MEDIUM
Treatment: CBT

Avoidant personality disorder

Afraid of rejection; avoids people

Dependent personality disorder

Extremely needy and clingy.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Perfectionistic, rigid, controlling.

Schizophrenia

Severe disorder with hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Etiology: Dopamine/Glutamate, Prenatal factors, genetics (strong)

Prevalence: MEDIUM-LOW
Treatment: CBT for psychosis, Antipsychotics

Catatonia

Abnormal movement or immobility

Positive symptoms

Added experiences (hallucinations, delusions).

Negative symptoms

Missing abilities (flat emotion, no motivation).

Disorganized symptoms

Weird behavior or speech.

Delusional Disorder

Fixed false beliefs for 1+ months WITHOUT other psychotic symptoms

Etiology: Cognitive biases, trauma, family history

Prevalence: LOW
Treatment: CBT for delusions

Hallucination

Seeing/hearing things not there.

Avolition

Lack of motivation.

Alogia

Little speech.

Anhedonia

No Pleasure

Flat affect

No emotional expression.

Schizophreniform disorder

Short-term schizophrenia-like symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, negative symptoms) for 1–6 months.

Etiology: Dopamine dysfunction, family history

Prevalence: LOW
Treatment: antipsychotics, psychosocial support

Schizoaffective disorder

Schizophrenia + mood disorder like depression or mania WITH 2 weeks of psychosis alone

Etiology: Combination of mood and psychotic disorder risks

Prevalence: LOW
Treatment: Antipsychotics, Mood stabilizers, Therapy

Brief psychotic disorder

1-30 days of psychotic symptoms after stress/trauma

Etiology: stress, trauma, genetic vulnerability 

Prevalence: LOW 
Treatment: Short term antipsychotics, therapy after stabilization 

Substance-induced psychotic disorder

Psychosis from drugs. (see or hear things that arent there)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Social communication issues + repetitive/restrictive behaviors.

Etiology: Strong genetics, Early brain development differences 

Prevalence: MEDIUM-HIGH
Treatment: ABA (improve their social skills), Speech therapy, behavioral intervention 

Intellectual disability

Low cognitive ability + difficulty with daily life.

Etiology: Genetics (Down Syndrome), environmental deprivation

Prevalence: LOW-MEDIUM
Treatment: Educational support, skills training, family services 

Alcohol Use Disorder 

Problematic alcohol use causing impairment 

Etiology: Genetics, peer influence, stress coping 

Prevalence: HIGH 

Treatment: CBT, Benzodiazepines (used to prevent withdrawal seizures), Support groups 

Opioid Use Disorder

Problematic use of heroin or prescription opioids, using despite harm

Etiology: Biological dependence, prescriptions after injury, pain relief
Prevalence: MEDIUM-HIGH

Treatment: CBT, Medication assisted treatment

General Personality Disorder

Enduring inflexible behavior causing distress or impairment

Etiology: Early trauma or neglect

Prevalence: MEDIUM

Treatment: long term psychotherapy, CBT

Cluster A

Odd/abnormal (Paranoid, Schizoid)

Cluster B

Dramatic/emotional (BPD)

Cluster C

Anxious/fearful (Avoidant, Dependent)

ADHD

Inattention and or hyperactivity - impulsivity

Etiology: Genetics, Low dopamine, prenatal risks

Prevalence: HIGH (common in children)
Treatment: Stimulants, Behavior therapy

Specific Learning Disorder

Difficulty in reading, writing, or math

Etiology: Brain differences, genetic component

Prevalence: MEDIUM
Treatment: Educational interventions

Five Factor Model

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism