Endocrine System

Anatomy

Structure

Physiology

Function

Levels of organization

1. Atom

2. Molecules

3. Macromolecules

4. Cells

5. Tissues

6. Organs

7. Organ systems

8. Organism

Name the four types of tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Endocrine System

Slow

Nervous System

Fast

Organs in endocrine system:

1. Hypothalamus

2. Pituitary

3. Thyroid

4. Thymus

5. Suprarenal

6. Pineal

7. Parathyroid

8. Pancreas

9. Adrenal

Two categories in endocrine system

1. Exocrine Gland

2. Endocrine Gland

Exocrine Gland

have ducts; non-hormonal

Example of Exocrine Gland

Salivary

Endocrine Gland

Lack ducts; produces hormones

Hypothalmus

1. controls endocrine system

2. tells Pitutary Gland what to do

Hormones hypothalamus produces

ADH & Oxytocin

Pituitary Gland

1. “Master gland”; communicates with other endocrine systems

2. Underneath hypothalamus

Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary Gland)

gets hormones from hypothalamus when needed; acts as storage

Oxytocin (OT)

• Positive feedback

• childbirth

• Milk letdown/ejection

ADH

antidiuretic = decrease urine production

Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary Gland)

1. makes own hormone; based on hypothalamus

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

1. make sex hormones (estrogen & sperm)

   • female : stimulates ovulation and sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone)

   • male : stimulates sex hormones and androgens (testosterone)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

produce gametes (eggs & sperm)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

thyroid to stimulate other hormones T3 and T4

Prolactin (PRL)

produce milk production in breast

Growth hormone (GH)

1. growth

2. dwarfism (low levels)

3. Giantism (excess amount of hormone during childhood

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

adrenal cortex and produces pH

T3 and T4

metabolism, heart rate, body temp

Calcitonin

lowers calcium; leaves blood and goes into bones

Parathyroid

increases blood calcium in body

Adrenal gland/suprarenal gland

• formed on top of kidney

• produce sodium and potassium

Adrenal Cortex

interacts with ACTH and has 3 layers:

1. Cortisol ➡ stress response

2. Aldosterone ➡ balance minerals

3. Androgens ➡ sex hormones

Zona Fasciculata (middle)

Releases cortisol (suppressing immune system)

1. Regulates some glucose

2. Stimulated by ACTH

Zona glomeruisoa (top)

• Produces hormones that control minerals (salt and water) in body ➡ aldosterone

• 
  

Zona Reticularius

• Release androgens (testosterone)

Androgens

Collection of hormones from males

1. Testosterone

Steroid Hormone

1. Sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone)

2. Adrenal cortex (interact with nucleus ➡ DNA)

Non-steroid

Amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins

Erythropoietin (EPO)

1. Produced by your kidney

2. Stimulate production of red blood cells

Blood doping

Inserting certain amount of red blood cells; interfering with count levels

Negative Feedback

Hormone gets to particular/specific level it turns system off

Negative Feedback Examples

1. Hot = sweat

2. Cold = shivering

Maintaining homeostasis

1. Receptor ➡ detect amount of hormones in body

2. Control center ➡ brain

3. Effector ➡ organ produce hormone

Positive feedback

1. Childbirth (oxytocin) ➡ contractions

2. Increase hormone production

Hormone Pathway:

1. Hypothalamus

2. Pituitary Gland

3. Other Endocrine Gland

4. Target cells/organs

Acromegaly

Tumor formed during adulthood causes increase

Ex: hands, feet

Hyperthyroidism

• Excess amount of thyroid produced

• High levels of metabolic rates

Ex: protruding eyes

Hypothyroidism

• iodine deficiency (iodine needed for T3 & T4)

• low metabolic rates ➡ develop goiter

Parathyroid

• behind thyroid

• opposite of calcitonin (increases calcium rates)

Adrenal medulla

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (neurotransmitters & hormones located in nervous system)

• chemical: found in nervous system ➡ neurotransmitters

• hormones: made and release into blood then entire body

• epinephrine = adrenal (epi-pen)

Thymus Gland

• large in infants and children; gets smaller as you age

• releases hormones that assist with development of white blood cells (t-lymphocytes)

• above heart

Pineal Gland

• found in brain

• releases chemical → melatonin (sleep)

• Part of circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)

Pancreas

• both endocrine (lack ducts) and exocrine (have ducts) gland

• digestive system

Glucagon

• alpha cells: ↑ blood glucose

• pancreas islets/ islets of Langerhans

Insulin

• beta cells ➡ blood glucose ⬇

• stimulate cells for glucose

• pancreas islets/islets of Langerhans

Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes)

• amount of glucose extremely high; unable to regulate

Hyperglycemia

• ⬆ blood glucose

Hypoglycemia

• ⬇ blood glucose

3 major signs of diabetes mellitus

1. Polyuria = huge urine output

2. Polydipsia = excessive thirst

3. Polyphagia = excessive hunger and food consumption

• wounds don’t heal well

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

• insulin dependent = insulin protection effected

• immune system attacking cells that make pancrea islets (beta cells)

• hereditary

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

• insulin dependent = receptors not responding

• normal/elevated amounts of insulin and remains in blood

Heart

• hormone produced : Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Kidney

Antidiuretic hormone

• hormone produced: Erythropoietin (EPO) ➡ stimulates production of red blood cells

* blood = bones ; cells = oxygen

Gonads

Reproductive system

• produce sex hormones:

  • ovaries ➡ estrogens & progesterone

  • testes ➡ testosterone

Diabetes Insipidus

• nothing to deal with glucose

• ADH ⬇ = damaging hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

• symptoms: excessive urination & thirst