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What are the ways cells respond to stress?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy
Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of structural components
Hypertrophy
Increased size of cells and the organ
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
Metaplasia
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type
This is in response to stress in which a cell that is sensitive to that stress is replaced by another cell type that is better able to survive the adverse environment
The mechanism is thought to be reprogramming of tissue stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway
Columnar to squamous epithelium
Dysplasia
This is disordered growth of epithelial cells that are abnormal but not malignant.
Cellular and nuclear pleomophism, typically in the form of abnormally large, hyperchromatic nuclei
Abnormal mitotic activity/failure to mature
Architectural disarray
NOT necessarily cancer bound, just an increased rate.
Fatty change
Lipid in macrophages
Foam cells - atherosclerosis
Lipid in parenchyma cells
Alcholic fatty liver
Intracellular proteins
Kidney proximal tubules - hyaline droplets
Plasma cells: russell bodies
Alchoholic hyaline
Alcoholic hyaline
Seen in liver cells of people with alcohol abuse disorder
Tangled skeins or cytokeratin intermediate filaments and other proteins
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions
Pigments
Endogenous pigments
Lipofuscin
Melanin
Hemosiderin
Iron overload
Hemosiderosis (phagocytic cells) no tissue damage
Hemochromatosis: parenchumal cells with tissue damage
Metastatic calcification
Deposition of Ca in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia
Interstital tissues of blood vessels, kidneys, lungs, and gastric mucosa
Dystrophic calcifiation
Deposition of Ca salts in nerotic tissues
Intra, extra, or both
Heterotrophic bone may form with time
