AP Euro anchor dates

Humanism develops ( focus on antiquity and value of man as opposed to scholasticism (bible) humanism also develops into Italian and northern humanism.

14th Century (1300s)

Printing Press invented by Gutenburg (allows spread of ideas more quickly with books & pamphlets. Helps spread the reformation.)

1450

Fall of Constantinople (ottoman Turks sacked Constantinople. Allowed ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. End of Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

1453

End of Hundred Years’ War (fought between England and France. Effects were loss of all English territory in France except Calais. Also caused increase in taxes and a decline in the importance of nobility in battle

1453

Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain (rise of monarchs in Europe. Subdued nobility & expelled non christians from Spain.)

1492

High Renaissance (paintings & sculptures influenced by humanism. shading & linear perspective create more lifelike art. Ex: Botticelli, Michelangelo, Rafael, etc,

1490-1527

Voyage of Columbus (begins age of exploration & Columbian exchange which introduced new food to europe (population growth)

1492

Erasmus writes In Praise of Folly. Northern Humanism. “Laid the Egg that Luther Hatched”. Criticized the Church for lack of true piety (also criticized Pope Julius III)

1509

Luther’s 95 Theses. Against sale of indulgences (Tetzel) and other abuses (simony, nepotism,etc). Later ideas include salvation through faith alone (sola fide) and Bible in the vernacular- more direct relationship with God. Ideas embraced by Princes who wanted independence from the Pope.

1517

Act of Supremacy in England- Henry VIII was the “Defender of the (Catholic) Faith but est. The Anglican church to get a divorce. Book of common prayer in England.

1534

Peace of Treaty of Augsburg. In HRE “he who rules determines the

religion”. Same year -HRE divided into East & West by Charles V: split between Philip II & Ferdinand - Hapsburgs divided into Spanish & Austrian branches.

1555

Reign of Elizabeth I. Golden Age (literature: Shakespeare)- politique (allows religious toleration). Unmarried. Defeated the Spanish Armada (1588) - England becomes naval superpower. Last of Tudors. Next is Stuarts in 17th C.

1558-1603

Edict of Nantes- ends French Wars of Religion (“Can’t harm the Protestants in France”). Henry IV (of Navarre) publicly converts to Catholicism (“Paris is worth a Mass”)

1598

Thirty Years’ War- 4 phases. Started with Defenestration of Prague. Later phase were less religious and more political. Ends with Treaty of Westphalia which legalizes Calvinism & Lutheranism in HRE & recognized independence of the Dutch Republic- no more wars of religion.

1618-1648