Bio 103 exam

What are the 6 characteristics of living things

1.organized 2. Require Materials & Energy 3. Maintain Homeostasis 4. Respond 5.Reproduce & develop 6.Adapt

What are the different levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex?

Atoms, Molecule, Cells, Tissues , Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biosphere.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Molecule

union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

Cell

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Tissue

A group of cells with a common structure and function

Organ

Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

Organ System

Composed of several organs working together

Organism

An individual, complex individuals contain organ system

Population

organisms of the same species in a particular area

Community

interacting populations in a particular area

Ecosystem

A community plus the physical environment

Biosphere

Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters. and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms

what is metabolism?

all chemical reactions in the cell

What does “food” provide?

Nutrients and Energy

What is energy?

Capacity to do work/ required to maintain organization & conduct chemical reactions

What is a nutrient?

vitamins & minerals/ building blocks

What is homeostasis

maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

How does the human body maintain homeostasis?

makes adjustments to adhere to the conditions

When organisms reproduce, how do they pass genetic information to the next generation? 

by genes/ DNA

What are adaptations?

modifications that make an organism able to function better in a particular environment

What are mutations? and how do they occur?

genetic changes that create Diversity; traits that were passed down

What is meant by “chemicals cycle” in ecosystems?

chemicals not used up when organisms die, move from one population to another in food chain, death and decomposition returned them to living plants

What is meant by “energy flows” in ecosystems?

energy from sun flows through photo synthesizers, one population feeds on another, must be a constant input of solar energy

What is taxonomy?

branch of biology, Carolus Linnaeus- founder, put in order of law or rule; identifying, naming, and grouping organisms into categories; “classifications”

What are the taxons in our hierarchical system of classification from most inclusive to most exclusive? 

domain, kingdom, phylum, class,order, family, genus, species

What are the rules of binomial nomenclature?

1. 2 part name (1st word=genus- always capitalized; 2nd word= species- written in lowercase)

2. Both underlined or italilcizied'

3. latin

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

Bacteria

Unicellular, Prokaryotes, (no nucleus), all environments

eukarya

unicellular/multicellular, eukaryotes, cells have, membrane-bound nucleus

Archaea

unicellular, prokaryotes, (no nucleus), harsh environments, “ancient bacteria”

What are the 4 kingdoms under the domain Eukarya?

Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantar, Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Protista

complex; most single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular); Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food; ex) algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds

Kingdom Fungi

mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells & absorb food; ex)molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworm

Kingdom Plantae

multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells & photosynthesize food; ex)mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

Kingdom Animalia

multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells & ingest food; ex) sponges, worms, insects, fishes,frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals

What does “prokaryotic” mean?

without nucleus

What does “eukaryotic” mean?

with nucleus

How do prokaryotic cells compare to eukaryotic cells?

prokaryotic cells are before the nucleus and Eukaryotic cells process a true nucleus

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. Observation

2. hypothesis

3. predictions and experiments

4. data collection with statistical analysis

5. conclusion

What is “independent (experimental) variable?”

factor being tested

What is “dependent (responding) variable?”

result

What is “test group?”

exposed to experimental variable

What is “control group?”

NOT exposed to the experimental variable

What is the Cell Theory? 

all organisms are composed of cells, and new cells come only from preexisting cells

What is Homeostasis Theory

the internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant- within a range that is protective of life

What is Evolution Theory

All living organisms have a common ancestor but each is adapted to a particular way of life

what is matter

Anything that has mass, takes up space and is made of elements

What elements make up living organisms?

carbon ,hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorus, sulfur (CHNOPS)

What is an atom

smallest part of element that displays properties of that element

What is a proton and where is it located in an atom?

positively charged and in nucleus

What is a neutron and where is it located in an atom?

no charge and in nucleus

What is an electron and where is it located in an atom?

negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus

What is atomic number? 

the number of protons in an atom

What is Atomic weight? 

number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Knowing atomic number and atomic weight, how would you determine the number of neutrons in an atom?

atomic mass minus atomic number

What is the octet rule? 

first shell holds up to 2 shells , additional shells can hold up to 8 electrons, and the lower shells fill before electrons placed in next shells

What is inert?

when the valence shell is full/ not reactive

What are reactants in a chemical equation? 

the starting materials or substances that are present at the beginning go a chemical reaction

What are products in a chemical equation? 

substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction

What is “valence” shell? 

outermost energy shell

Why is the # of electrons in the valence shell important?

it determines the chemical properties and reactivity of atoms

What is Covalent bonding?

sharing of electrons

What is Ionic bonding?

attraction of -ion & +ion

What is Polar covalent bonding?

unequal sharing of electrons

What is Hydrogen bonding?

weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom; helps maintain structure & function of complex molecules

What are endergonic reactions? 

a reaction that requires energy to be absorbed in order for it to take place

What are Exergonic reactions?

chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat

What are the properties of water?

polarity, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and solubility

What does hydrophobic mean? 

“water” “feeling”, repelled by water molecules, nonpolar repelled by polar

what does Hydrophilic means?

“water” “loving”, attracted to water molecules, polar attracted to polar

What is dissociation?

the process where a molecule breaks down into smaller parts, like atoms, ions, or radicals, usually through the absorption of energy

what is an acid

a substance that dissociates in water and releases more hydrogen ions (H+)

what is a base?

substances that take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)

What is the scale used to measure relative strengths of acids and bases?

the pH scale

What numbers on the scare are acidic?

0 to <7

What numbers on the scare are Basic?

>7 to 14  

   What element do organic molecules always contain?

carbon and hydrogen

    What are the characteristics of carbon?

atomic #6, 4 electrons in outer shell, covalent-strong bonds, bonds with up to 4 different elements, usually other carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

    What is a functional group?

clusters of specific atoms, found attached to these carbon skeletons, always react the same way, determines chemical reactivity & polarity of organic molecules

    What are isomers?

organic molecules with identical molecular formulas but with different arrangement of atoms

    What are monomers? 

a small single molecule; building blocks of polymers

What is a polymer?

a molecule made up of monomers

    What reaction joins monomers? 

dehydration

Dehydration- What happens in that reaction?

a water molecule is removed and a bond is formed when the two join

    What reaction breaks down polymers?

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis- what happens

reverse of dehydration synthesis, addition of water BREAKS the bond

    What are the 4 groups of organic molecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are carbohydrates?

energy source; structural role (building material); Contains elements: Carbon Hydrogen, Oxygen ; ratio - 1:2:1

    What is the molecular formula of carbohydrates? (ratio of atoms)

Carbon Hydrogen, Oxygen ; ratio - 1:2:1

    What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

monosaccharide

 What are the functions of carbohydrates?

energy source and structural role (building material)

    What is a lipid?

non polar molecules, insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

    What are the function of lipids?

longterm energy storage; structural components, heat reaction, cell communication and regulation, protection

    How do lipids react in water?

they are hydrophilic so they repel

    What is the structure of a fat or oil?

composed of single glycerol (3 carbon compound & 3 OH groups) and 3 fatty acids

    What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

saturated contain animal fats, no double bonds, carbons saturated with hydrogens, straight chains, and solid at room temp. unsaturated are plant oils, double bonds, carbons are not fully bonded with hydrogen, chains bent at double bond, liquid at room temp

    What is a phospholipid?  How is it different from a molecule of fat/oil? Where is it found?

similar structure to fat/oils, instead of 3rd fatty acid there is a phosphate group

  How are the phospholipids oriented & why?

the head is facing outwards towards the aqueous environment because it is hydrophilic while the tails face inward.

What are proteins?

“first place”, Very important in cells, 50% of the dry weight of most cells