Module 1 (DAANCE) (questions and verified answers)frequently most tested questions | already passed!!

What is the role of the Nervous System?

To provide overall control of body function

What are the three subdivisions in the Nervous System?

Central (CNS), Peripheral (PNS), and Autonomic (ANS)

What is a nerve action potential?

The nerve's threshold of stimulus

What is a synapse?

A junction between two neurons

How do local anesthetics exert their effects?

By interfering with the passage of Na+ ions through the ion channels and preventing depolarization with slowing or stopping of movement of the nerve impulse.

How are most of the intravenous, inhalation and local anesthetic drugs used in OMS utilized in the body?

Alteration of nerve conduction by modification of the actions of neurotransmitter substances and/or alteration of the movement of ions through membrane channels

What is the central nervous system and what does it consist of?

Overall control center of the body. Consists of the brain and spinal cord

What are the major components of the brain?

Cerebral Cortex, Core of the Brain, Cerebellum and the Brainstem

The cerebral cortex is responsible for?

Thought, learning, memory, consciousness, feeling of sensations such as pain or heat, and the initiation of muscle movement

What is the purpose of the core of the brain?

It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex.

What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

Coordinating center for both sensory receptors, such as those for vision and hearing as well as coordination of movement

What does the brainstem consist of?

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What is the purpose of the brainstem?

Contains the important control centers for autonomic nervous system functions.

What is the reticular formation responsible for?

Maintenance of consciousness or arousal

The medulla contains?

Important centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, respiration and digestion

The peripheral nervous system consists of?

The nerves that carry impulses away from the central nervous system to the various parts of the body and those that carry impulses from the periphery back to the CNS.

What are the two components to the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves

What are cranial nerves?

Any of the 12 pairs of nerves connected with the brain; they are part of the peripheral nervous system

The trigeminal nerve, also known as ___________, supplies what?

Fifth cranial nerve, supplies sensation to the teeth and jaws.

Of the 12 cranial nerves, which nerve is the OMS surgeon primarily concerned with?

Trigeminal nerve

What are muscles of mastication?

Muscles responsible for jaw movement during chewing.

What does the facial nerve supply? And some examples

Motor fibers to the muscles of facial expression, smile, frown, etc.

Trigeminal is latin meaning?

Three pairs

What are the three paired divisions in the trigeminal nerve?

Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular

What is Ophthalmic division?

Upper division/First division that goes to the eye and forehead.

What is the maxillary division?

Also known as Second division, serves the maxilla.

What is the mandibular division?

Also known as, Third division, serves the mandible.

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

Internal organs and involuntary movements such as heart rate and digestion

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

The sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Sympathetic nervous system does what?

Prepares the body for dealing with emergencies/tends to speed up processes

Parasympathetic nervous system does what?

Maintains the resting or vegetative state and tends to slow processes

The sympathetic nervous system exerts its effects through the action of a chemical substance called?

Norepinephrine

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are often termed?

Adrenergic

The parasympathetic nervous system exerts its effects through the action of a chemical substance called?

Acetylcholine

The actions of the parasympathetic nervous system are called?

Cholinergic

What does the baroreceptor do?

Regulates blood pressure by responding to increased pressure by decreasing sympathetic output and increasing parasympathetic output to decrease heart rate and blood pressure and vice versa

Many drugs, such as barbiturates and Propofol, depress the vital centers, resulting in what?

Hypotension and respiratory depression

The anesthetic drug, Ketamine, stimulates the vital centers and causes what?

An increase in blood pressure and pulse

How much blood can the heart pump per minute?

5 quarts

The heart is made up of a specialized type of muscle called?

Myocardium

Why is the myocardium unique?

It has the ability to contract on its own, without stimulation by nerves

The two upper chambers of the heart are called?

Atria (atrium is singular)

The left atrium receives blood from? Is it oxygen-rich or poor?

Lungs via the pulmonary vein and is oxygen-rich

The right atrium receives blood from? Is it oxygen-rich or poor?

Peripheral circulation and is oxygen-poor

The two lower chambers of the heart are called?

Ventricles

Where do the ventricles receive blood from?

Atria

The right side of the heart is filled with what blood? The left side?

Right side is deoxygenated blood. The left side is filled with oxygenated blood.

The right atrium receives (oxygen rich or poor) blood via?

Superior and inferior vena cava bring oxygen poor blood from the body to the right atrium

Arteries are?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

What are veins?

Blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart

What is the normal sequence for the flow of blood through the heart and lungs?

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

The numerous vessels that pierce the myocardium?

Coronary arteries and veins

What is ischemia?

When reduced oxygen supply damages the heart cells but does not actually cause necrosis

What are arteriole?

Any of the small arterial branches located at the end of an artery (furthest from the heart)

What are capillaries? What is their purpose?

Any of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. This is were the exchange of oxygen and other material takes place between the blood and the cells of the body.

What is the main difference between veins and arteries?

Arteries have much thicker walls to handle the pressure of the blood flow in them.

What are venules?

Smallest veins

What is diastolic?

Ventricular relaxation

What is systolic?

Contraction of ventricles

What is normal blood pressure?

120/80

What is cardiac output? How do you figure cardiac output?

The total amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute

Stroke volume x heart rate

What is stroke volume?

The amount of blood pumped from a ventricle in each beat

What is bradycardia and tachycardia?

Bradycardia is a heart rate below 60 beats per minute.

Tachycardia is a rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute.

The heart's normal rate and rhythm are controlled by?

The cardiac conduction system

What is automaticity?

The ability of the heart to start and maintain rhythmic activity without the use of the nervous system

What is termed the heart's pacemaker?

Sinoatrial node (SA Node)

After the atrioventricular (AV) node is stimulated, it transmits the electrical impulse throughout a special band of cardiac muscle fibers called?

The bundle of His

The bundle of His branches into the right and left bundle branches in the ventricles and does what?

Carries the impulse that stimulates the ventricles to contract

What is the purpose of the conducting system?

To assure that the ventricles contract as a unit by spreading the impulse rapidly to all the ventricular muscle fibers almost simultaneously.

What is the Purkinje fiber system?

Specialized cardiac muscle fibers that rapidly transmit impulses in the heart and coordinate contraction of the heart; Networks of this form the AV and SA nodes

What is the cardioacceleratory center?

A group of neurons in the brain stem involved in the acceleration of the heart action.

What is the cardioinhibitory center?

A group of neurons in the brain stem that has an inhibitory influence on the heart action via the vagus nerve

What are sinus rhythms?

Rhythms that originate in the SA node

What takes over if the SA node fails?

Ectopic pacemakers

What is the term to describe the lack of oxygen?

Hypoxia

What are the elements of a normal sinus rhythm on a cardiac monitor tracing?

P wave, QRS complex and the T wave.

What is depolarization?

A reversal of the states electrical charge of the conducting fiber

What is repolarization?

A return of the initial state of electrical charge

The P wave is a reflection of which polarization and produces what?

Depolarization and produces the muscular contraction of the atria

The QRS complex is a reflection of?

The activity producing ventricular contraction

The T wave on a cardiac monitor tracing is evidence of what change in polarization?

Repolarization of the ventricles

In a normal cardiac monitor, the number of P waves is equal to the number of what?

QRS complexes

The number of QRS complexes per minute represents what?

The heart rate

After leaving the heart, the aorta branches into several large arteries that supply the head and neck. What is the sequence on the right side?

The first large artery is the brachiocephalic artery. It branches into the common carotid artery that goes up into the neck and into the right subclavian artery that goes up into the arm

After leaving the heart, the aorta branches into several large arteries that supply the head and neck. What is the sequence on the left side?

The left common carotid artery branches off the aorta directly and goes into the neck.

Just below the angle of the mandible, common carotid artery divides into the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery, which has 8 branches. What are the 3 most important branches to OMS?

Lingual

Facial

Maxillary

What does the lingual artery supply?

Tongue and floor of mouth

What does the facial artery supply?

Face, tonsil palate, and submandibular gland

What does the maxillary artery supply?

Maxilla, sinuses, teeth, and a portion of the nose

What does the inferior alveolar artery supply?

Mandible and teeth

What is the pterygoid plexus?

A network of veins corresponding to the second and third parts of the maxillary artery

Why do veins of the head and neck play an important role in treating odontogenic infections right away?

The veins of the head and neck do not have valves. Infections can spread through the venous system and propagate backward all the way into the cranial cavity.

What is a hematoma?

Clotted or partially clotted blood outside the blood vessel and confined to an anatomic space.

What is the anterior surface of the elbow between the arm and the forearm called?

Antecubital fossa

Which artery is of concern when looking for intravenous access in the antecubital fossa? And what does it branch in to?

Brachial artery branches into radial and ulnar arteries

Intra-arterial injection produces what color blood?

Bright red pulsatile blood

Which veins are available for venipuncture in the antecubital fossa?

Cephalic veins, basilic vein, median cubital vein

What is phlebitis?

Inflammation of a vein

Where are cephalic veins located?

Outer aspect of the forearm

Where is the median cubital vein located?

Bridge between the Cephalic and basilic vein