BIOL-109: Chapter 13- Sex Machine

Terms and "check yourself" questions

sexual dimorphism

one species being different in appearance, sounds, and smells

secondary sex characteristics

traits that become recognizable during puberty

endocrine system

hormones secreted from glands have an effect at 1 or more location in the body

hypothalamus

sends signals to the pituitary gland

pituitary gland

releases luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

testis

houses tube-like structures (seminiferous tubules) where sperm is made

scrotum

pouch of skin holding testes - contracts and expands to adjust distance from body

seminiferous tubules

inside testes, site of sperm production

epididymis

beside testes, sperm matured and stored here before ejaculation

seminal vesicles

produce alkaline (basic) fluid neutralizing acidity of vagina

bulbourethral glands

provides mucus-rich alkaline fluid lubricating inside of urethra which causes sperm to pass through easier

prostate gland

wraps around urethra and allows for muscle contractions that push semen forward and blocks urine flow during ejaculation

ductus/vas deferens

muscle lined tubes carrying sperm from epididymis to abdominal cavity

ejaculatory ducts

vas deferens and seminal vesicle duct that empties into urethra

penis

forms circle around urethra

urethra

tube running from bladder through penis

follicle

tiny ovarian sac nourishing oocyte

labia minora

inner lips

labia majora

outer lips

ovary

site of egg production, fertilized egg is in corpus luteum, produces estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

corpus luteum

site of egg maturation, produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy (possible or occuring)

uterus

where fertilized egg implants and develops, sheds thick blood lining monthly

vagina

opening to female reproductive tract, sperm entry, unfertilized egg, discharge, and baby exit

cervix

opening between vagina and uterus, closed to open based on sperm or baby passage

oviducts (fallopian tubes)

transport mature eggs to uterus, sperm and egg fertilize if here at same time

clitoris

sensitive organ similar to head of penis

ovulation

rupture of mature follicle

luteal phase

empty follicle collapses and is known as corpus luteum

follicular phase

begins first day of menstruation

You are given a description of a person, including the fact that they are 70 inches tall. Given the average heights in the U.S. shown in figure 1, can you assume this person is male?

no

Point to where on the graph in figure 1 you could look to see what proportion of females in the US. are 70 inches tall.

Drag and drop the structure names to their correct locations in the diagram

this structure holds the testes and contracts or expands to adjust the distance the testes are from the body to regulate their temperature

scrotum

sperm mature here and are stores here prior to ejaculation

epididymis

these structures are within the testes and are the actual sites of sperm production

seminiferous tubules

this structure runs from the bladder through the penis and is where urine and semen exit the body

urethra

This structure carry sperm from the epididymis of each testis

vas deferens

this structure provide a mucus0rich alkaline fluid that lubricates the inside of the urethra to allow for easier passage of sperm and neutralizes the urethra

bulbourethral glands

this structure helps propel semen and blocks urine flow from the bladder during ejaculation

prostate gland

this structure produces an alkaline (basic) fluid that can neutralize the acidity of the vagina. This contains fructose and other nutrients to provide energy for the sperm

seminal vesicles

Fill in the blanks.

__ is released from the hypothalamus

— and — are released from the —

— causes increased production of — from the —

GRH

LH, FSH, pituitary

LH, testosterone, testes

Drag and Drop

During the ___ phase, one follicle begins to mature and produces ___. At first the ___ provides a ___ feedback for ___ production in the brain, resulting in low ___ production by the pituitary, but when ___ levels become high enough, it switches to a ___ feedback. There is then a peak in circulating ___ levels.

follicular, estrogen, estrogen, negative, GRH, LH and FSH, estrogen, positive, LH and FSH

Which structure (s) produces progesterone to maintain a pregnancy?

The placenta and the corpus luteum

After 5-7 days the ___ begins to grow again. During this time an oocyte begins to mature within a group of cells called a ___, which secretes the hormone estrogen. Early in this phase the ___ is regulated through a ___ feedback loop in which the estrogen in the bloodstream represses LH and FSH secretion. However, once the follicle has reached sufficient size, the feedback shifts to a ___ feedback and there is a surge in LH, FSH, and estrogen that triggers ___.

A mature ___ is released from the ovary and is swept into one of the ___ where the oocyte may be fertilized. If it is not fertilized, the ___ degrades, causing a drop in ___. The uterine lining begins to shed, signifying the onset of menstruation (back to day 1).

uterine lining, follicle, estrogen, negative, positive, ovulation

oocyte, oviducts, corpus luteum, progesterone

Drag and drop the female organs/tissue affected by female genital cutting to the analogous male reproductive structure